ushistoryvocab

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Modern Republicans
A new breed of republicans who believe in the economic theory of Reaganomics. This theory holds that reduced income tax rates increase GDP growth and thereby generate more revenue for the government from the taxes on the extra growth. Bush

Oveta Culp Hobby
The first secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corps, and chairman of the board of the Houston Post. During WWII she was the first woman in the Army to receive this award. President Dwight D. Eisenhower named her head of the Federal Security Agency

Soil Bank Program
1956-1960 The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was initiated in 1956 as one part of the Soil Bank Act. Thus, the original CRP was commonly referred to as the ``Soil Bank Program.'' (SB) The SB was designed to divert land regularly used for crop production to conservation uses. SB enrolled 28.7 million acres nationwide. 2.2 mil planter trees

Highway Act (1956); Interstate highway system
Popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act. It appropriated $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles of interstate highways over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point. The money was handled in a highway trust fund that paid for 90 percent of highway construction costs with the states required to pay the remaining 10 percent. It was expected that the money would be generated through new taxes on fuel, automobiles, trucks and tires. It is said he drew six lines (three vertical and three horizontal) on a piece of paper and told his people to base their freeway system on it.

John Foster Dulles
Became Secretary of State under Eisenhower in 1953. Cold Warrior who supported "massive retaliation," brinksmanship, and preemptive strike. In 1951 he was author of Japanese peace treaty. during WWII, from 1949-1959

“brinkmanship”
Brinkmanship was used first by the US Secretary John Foster Dulles during the Cold War regarding his policy against the Soviet Union. Dulles defined the policy of brinkmanship as "the ability to get to the verge without getting into the war". His critics blamed him for damaging relations with communist states and contributing to the Cold War.

Massive retaliation
This was a term coined by John Foster Dulles. Dulles stated that the U.S. would respond to military provocation "at places and with means of our own choosing." This was interpreted to mean that the U.S. could respond to any foreign challenge with nuclear weapons. Dulles also said that "Local defense must be reinforced by the further deterrent of massive retaliatory power." This quote forms the basis for the term massive retaliation, which would back up any conventional defense against conventional attacks with a possible massive retaliatory attack involving nuclear weapons.

Third World
A synonym for those nations that aligned themselves with neither the West nor with the Soviet Bloc during the Cold War. Thus, the Non-Aligned Movement was created after the 1955 Bandung Conference.

Iran
British and Soviet forces occupied Iran. American troops later entered Iran to handle the delivery of war supplies to the USSR. At the Tehran Conference in 1943 the Tehran Declaration, signed by the United States, Great Britain, and the USSR, guaranteed the independence and territorial integrity of Iran. However, the USSR, dissatisfied with the refusal of the Iranian government to grant it oil concessions, fomented a revolt in the north which led to the establishment of the People's Republic of Azerbaijan and the Kurdish People's Republic, headed by Soviet-controlled leaders. When Soviet troops remained in Iran following the expiration of a wartime treaty that also allowed the presence of American and British troops, Iran protested to the United Nations. The Soviets finally withdrew after receiving a promise of oil concessions from Iran subject to approval by the parliament. The Soviet-established governments in the north, lacking popular support, were deposed by Iranian troops late in 1946, and the paiament subsequently rejected the oil concessions

Covert action
A military or political activity performed in secrecy that would break specific laws or compromise policy in another country. Covert operations are almost always illegal in the target state and are sometimes in violation of the laws of the enacting country.

Indochina
The federation was accepted in Cambodia and Laos. Vietnamese nationalists, however, demanded (1945) the complete independence of Annam, Tonkin, and Cochin China as Vietnam, and after Dec., 1946, these regions were plunged into bitter fighting between the French and the extreme nationalists, oftentimes led by Communists. The war in Vietnam dragged on for years, culminating in the French defeat at Dienbienphu. The Geneva Conference in 1954 effectively ended French control of Indochina.

Geneva Conference
The Second Geneva Naval Conference was a conference held to discuss naval arms limitation, held in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1932. Sixty nations, including USA, USSR and Germany, came to the conference wanting a reduction in general arms. Some progress was made, but when Hitler came into power in 1933 he took Germany out of the Geneva Conference and the League of Nations, which was questionable but nothing was done about it. The Geneva conference split the nation of Vietnam roughly in half along the seventeenth parallel, and established a shaky peace in the nation of Laos.

Ho Chi Minh
North Vietnamese leader who had led the resistance against the Japanese during WW II and at the end of the war had led the uprising against the French Colonial government. He had traveled in Europe, educated in Moscow, and was an ardent Communist. Became President of the North Vietnamese government established after the French withdrawal. Often called the George Washington of North Vietnam

Vietnam
The Best Country Ever. A military conflict in present day Vietnam occurring from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The conflict was a successful effort by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the indigenous National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, to impose on Vietnam a communist system, defeating the South Vietnamese Republic of Vietnam (RVN).

Domino theory
A 20th Century Foreign Policytheory, promoted by the government of the United States that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954) SEATO
Asian version of NATO, created to block Communist expansion into Southeast Asia. Its HQ was located in Bangkok, Thailand.

Suez Canal crisis (1956)
When Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, the UK and France feared losing the use of the canal, which allowed the shipping of 2/3s of Europe’s oil. They conspired with Israel to let the Israelis (who had bad relations with Arabs in general) invade the canal, allowing the English and French to intervene and declare the tenuous canal under Anglo-French protection. When the US refused to back England, they were forced to withdraw.

Eisenhower Doctrine
Stated that the US would employ military response to imminent or actual aggression against the country. The US would also supply various forms of aid to countries opposed to communism.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting (OPEC)
Organization or major oil-producing nations, including Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Iraq, Iran, etc…founded to safeguard their economic interests by stabilizing international oil prices, ensuring a regular supply of petroleum to consumer nations, and a fair return on their capital to those investing in the industry.

Open-skies crisis
Eisenhower proposed an Open Skies treaty to allow unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire territory of participating nations. It was meant to allow mutual gathering of information about military activities to assure member nations that a country was not preparing for an attack. Nikita Khruschev, Commie bastard that he was, rejected the proposal.

Nikita Khrushchev
Sought better political relations with noncommunist countries. After the harsh leadership of Joseph Stalin, Khrushchev allowed the Soviet people more freedom. He opened up trade with other countries in the world and tried to improve the quality of life in the Soviet Union.

Hungarian Revolt
Oct. 29,1956, 200,000 Soviet soldiers and hundreds of tanks swept into Hungary to repress a popular uprising demanding democratic reforms. Eisenhower felt it was too risky to have the military intervene with a country so close to the Soviet border.

Warsaw Pact
The organization was the Soviet bloc's equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Soviets intensified their military domination of Eastern Europe by pouring in massive aid to Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria to accelerate industrialization and increase Soviet control.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Civil-rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King, Jr., and headed by him until his assassination in 1968. Composed largely of African-American clergy from the South and an outgrowth of the Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott that King had led, it advocated nonviolent passive resistance as the means of securing equality for African Americans. It sponsored the massive march on Washington in 1963.

Sputnik
October, 1957 - The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Independent U.S. government agency established in 1958 for research and development of vehicles and activities for aeronautics and space exploration. Its goals include improving human understanding of the universe, the solar system, and Earth and establishing a permanent human presence in space.

U-2 Incident
In U.S. and Soviet history, the events following the Soviet downing of an American U-2 high altitude reconnaissance aircraft over Soviet territory on May 1, 1960. The incident led to the collapse of a proposed summit conference between the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France in Paris. President Eisenhower's initial claim that he had no knowledge of such flights was difficult to maintain when the Soviets produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, who had survived the crash. Eisenhower met Khrushchev's demand for an apology by suspending U-2 flights, but the Soviet Premier was not satisfied and the summit was canceled. Powers was sentenced to ten years in prison, but was released in 1962 in exchange for convicted Soviet spy Rudolph Abel.

Fidel Castro
A band of insurgents led by Fidel Castro succeeded in overthrowing the corrupt government of Juan Baptista, and Cuba became Communist. 

Military-industrial complex
Symbiotic relationship between a nation's armed forces, its private industry, and associated political and commercial interests. In such a system, the military is dependent on industry to supply material and other support, while the defense industry depends on government for a steady revenue stream; gained popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. As pejorative terms, the "MIC" or the "iron triangle" refer to an institutionalized collusion among defense contractors (industry), The Pentagon (military), and the United States government (Congress, Executive branch), as a cartel that works against the public interest, and whose motivation is profiteering.

Jackie Robinson
First African-American Major League Baseball player of the modern era in 1947. The Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Robinson in 1962 and he was a member of six World Series teams. Jackie earned six consecutive All-Star Game nominations and won several awards during his career

NAACP
Established in 1909 by a group of African Americans (led by W.E.B. DuBois) who joined with white reformers. The NAACP called for an end to racial discrimination, attacked Jim Crow laws, and fought to overturn the 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson. In the 1920s, it served as a counterpoint to the more radical black rights group, the UNIA, led by Marcus Garvey.

Desegregation
Process of ending racial segregation; focus of the American Civil Rights Movement, both before and after the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, particularly desegregation of the school systems and the military 

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
The Supreme Court reversed Plessy v. Ferguson in 1954 by ruling in favor of the desegregation of schools. The court held that "separate but equal" violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and was unconstitutional. Refusing to force the white south to accept the ruling, defiance toward the law sprang up. Many southerners saw it as "an abuse of judiciary power." 

Earl Warren
Chief Justice Earl Warren the Supreme Court asserted its right to review and declare unconstitutional legislation that it believed infringed on individual rights. A group of liberal judges—especially William O. Douglas, Hugo Black, and William J. Brennan, Jr.—formed a powerful coalition in favor of liberal ideas. The Court disallowed the use of the poll tax in state and local elections and in 1967struck at he core of white supremacy doctrine by declaring laws prohibiting interracial marriages to be unconstitutional 

Little Rock Crisis
U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education that segregated schools are "inherently unequal." In September 1957, as a result of that ruling, nine African-American students enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The conflicts this event caused earned it the "crisis" label 

Rosa Parks
December 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.

Montgomery Bus Boycott
A political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system. The ensuing struggle lasted from December 5, 1955, to December 21, 1956, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses unconstitutional.

Civil rights acts of 1957, 1960
Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was largely ineffective in its enforcement and its scope. Statistical history notes that by 1960, slightly fewer blacks were voting in the South than had been in 1956. It did however open the door to later legislation that was effective in ending legal segregation and providing housing rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1960 was a United States federal law that established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register to vote or actually vote.

Civil rights commission
To investigate complaints alleging that citizens are being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices. To issue public service announcements to discourage discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Civil-rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King, Jr., and headed by him until his assassination in 1968. Composed largely of African-American clergy from the South and an outgrowth of the Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott that King had led, it advocated nonviolent passive resistance as the means of securing equality for African Americans. It sponsored the massive march on Washington in 1963.

Nonviolent Protest
Typically involves such activities as mass demonstrations, refusal to obey or carry out a law or to pay taxes, the occupation of buildings or the blockade of roads, labor strikes, economic boycotts, and similar activities to force a change or secure concessions and is the main tactic of civil disobedience.

Consumer Culture
To those who accept the idea of consumerism, these products are not seen as valuable in themselves, but rather as social signals that allow them to identify like-minded people through consumption and display of similar products. Few would yet go so far, though, as to admit that their relationships with a product or brand name could be substitutes for the healthy human relationships lacking in dysfunctional modern societies.

David; Reisman, The Lonely Crowd
How the increasing power of corporate and government organizations influenced national character. He produced a literate and daringly speculative book, altogether different from the narrow and nervously guarded assemblies of statistical data that often make sociology a synonym for dreariness.

John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society
The most widely-read economist of the twentieth century. The author of four dozen books and over one thousand articles, he was on the faculty of Harvard University from 1934 to 1975, and served in the administrations of Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson. From 1961 to 1963, he served as Ambassador to India.

Beatniks
The term beat generation was introduced by Jack Kerouac in approximately 1948 to describe his social circle to the novelist John Clellon Holmes (who published an early novel about the beat generation, titled Go, in 1952, along with a manifesto of sorts in the New York Times Magazine: "This is the beat generation").

again. sry this is up late. my b. nothing's missing.

Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill) (1944)
The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses.

Baby boom
many countries around the globe, notably those of Europe, Asia, North America, and Australasia experienced a baby boom. By the end of the decade, about 32 million babies had been born, compared with 24 million in the lean 1930s. In 1954, annual births first topped four million and did not drop below that figure until 1965, when four out of ten Americans were under the age of twenty

Suburban growth
policies of the Federal government in the post-World War II era, such as the building of an efficient network of roads, highways and superhighways, and the underwriting of mortgages for suburban one-family homes made suburbs grow. In effect, the government was encouraging the transfer of the middle-class population out of the inner cities and into the suburbs.

Sunbelt
Region, south and southwestern U.S. It is characterized by a warm climate, rapid population growth since 1970, and relatively conservative voting patterns. Comprising 15 states, it extends from Virginia and Florida in the southeast through Nevada in the southwest, and includes southern California.

Employment act of 1946
Its main purpose was to lay the responsibility of economic stability onto the federal government.
 
Council of Economic Advisers
a group of economists set up to advise the US Pres. It is a part of the Executive Office and provides much of the economic policy of the White House. The Council's three members are nominated by the President and approved by the senate.

Committee of Civil Rights
established by U.S. President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9808 on December 5, 1946. The committee was instructed to investigate the status of civil rights in the United States and propose measures to strengthen and protect the civil rights of American citizens.
 
Twenty-Second Amendment
Sets a term limit for the President of the United States, providing that "No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once."

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
A United States federal law that greatly restricts the activities and power of labor unions. The Act, still largely in effect, was sponsored by Senator Robert Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley, Jr. U.S. President Harry S. Truman described the act as a "slave-labor bill" and vetoed it, adding that it would "conflict with important principles of our democratic society". The Senate followed the House of Representatives in overriding Truman's veto on June 23, 1947, establishing the act as a law. The Taft-Hartley Act amended the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA, also known as the Wagner Act), which Congress had passed in 1935.

Henry Wallace
FDR’s vice president in 1940. Headed the Board of Economic Warfare, a position vital to US entry into WWII. After the declaration of the Truman Doctrine, he made an unsuccessful run as the Progressive Party Candidate in 1948, advocating an end to segregation, full voting rights for blacks, and universal health insurance.

States’ Rights party (dixiecrats)
Splinter party of the Democrats who aimed to protect states’ rights and the southern way of life from the expanding federal government; supporters of racial segregation, the party formed after delegates walked out of the Democratic convention when Truman endorsed the Civil Rights card.

Strom Thurmond
An American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator representing that state. He also ran for the presidency of the United States in 1948 under the segregationist States Rights Democratic Party banner. He garnered 39 electoral votes in that race, making him the first third party presidential candidate to receive electoral votes since Robert LaFollette in 1924. He later represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 to April 1956 and November 1956 to 1964 as a Democrat and from 1964 to 2003 as a Republican.

Thomas Dewey
Republican candidate in 1944 and 48. In 48 he was widely expected to beat Truman, who was losing popularity, so Dewey centered his campaign around doing and saying nothing. His political stances revolved around clever witticisms like, “Our future lies ahead.”

Fair Deal
Truman’s policy of social improvement, which included support for increasing welfare, slum clearance, and civil rights. Most of his Fair Deal bills were shot down, save his initiative to expand unemployment benefits.

Cold War
A constant nonviolent state of hostility between the Soviet Union and the US; began shortly after WWII with the rapid extension of Soviet influence over eastern Europe and North Korea; ended with the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. 
 
Soviet Union
A constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. From 1945 until its dissolution in 1991 - a period known as the Cold War - it and the United States were the two world superpowers that dominated the global agenda of economic policy, foreign affairs, and military operations.

United Nations
An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

World Bank
an international bank established in 1944 to help member nations reconstruct and develop, esp. by guaranteeing loans: a specialized agency of the United Nations. Officially named the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Communist Satellites
Refers to a country formally independent but primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power initially used to refer to Central and Eastern European countries of the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War. It implied that the countries in question were "satellites" under the hegemony of the Soviet Union

Iron Curtain
Winston Churchill reviewed the international response to Russian aggression and declared an "iron curtain" had descended across Eastern Europe, referring to the rise of communism there as satellite nations under the USSR

Winston Churchill
(1874-1965) An English statesman, solder and author, best known as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Well-known as an orator, strategist, and politician, Churchill was one of the most important leaders in modern British and world history. He won the 1953 Nobel Prize for Literature for his many books on English and world history.

George Kennan
U.S. diplomat and historian.  Among the most influential Americans in the Foreign Service in the 20th century he served from 1927 in various diplomatic posts in Europe. He sent his Long Telegram (1946), which with his 1947 Foreign Policy article (published under the pseudonym X) was pivotal in the establishment of the cold war U.S. policy of Soviet containment. In 1947 he became chairman of the policy-planning staff of the Dept. of State, and contributed to the development of the Marshall Plan . He also was influential in the development of what became the Central Intelligence Agency's clandestine service.

Dean Acheson
(1893-1971) American statesman and lawyer; as U.S. Secretary of State in the late 1940s, he played the central role in defining American foreign policy for the Cold War.  He likewise played a central role in the creation of many important institutions including Lend Lease, the Marshall Plan, NATO, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, together with the early organizations that later became the European Union and the World Trade Organization. His most famous decision was convincing the nation to intervene, in June 1950, in the Korean War.

Containment Policy
Refers to the foreign policy strategy of the U.S. in the early years of the Cold War in which it attempted to stop what it called the domino effect of nations moving politically towards Soviet Union-based communism, rather than European-American-based democracy.

Truman Doctrine
Truman wanted to prevent the spread of communism. He wanted it "contained". The first implementation of the Truman Doctrine was $400 million given to aid Greece and Turkey to prevent a communist takeover.
 
Marshall Plan
Issued in response to the struggling European countries, the Marshall Plan would allow the U.S. to give financial assistance to certain countries. This was done to prevent communism from rising in countries like France and Italy, whose economies where suffering after WWII. It was agreed in July 1947 that the U.S. would spend $12.5 billion, over four years, in sixteen different nations. In order to receive financial assistance you had to have a democratic government.
 
Berlin Airlift
The USSR had embargoed all supplies that would go into the Allied Germany. In response, America used many planes to take and drop food and supplies into Berlin. They did this to show the USSR that they were determined to maintain control of Berlin. It worked, the Soviets lifted the blockade.

Germany‘s Division
In 1945 occupied Germany was divided into U.S., British, French, and Soviet zones. In 1949 the U.S., British, and French zones were combined as West Germany, while the Soviet zone became a communist state as East Germany. Declared a sovereign country in 1955, it became a founding member of the Warsaw Pact, the Soviet bloc's equivalent of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. With headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, the organization establishes a system of collective security whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.
 
National Security Act (1947)
Realigned and reorganized the United States' armed forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus; The Act merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (NME) headed by the Secretary of Defense. It was also responsible for the creation of a separate Department of the Air Force from the existing United States Army Air Forces.

Arms race
competition between two or more parties for military supremacy. Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in a technological escalation. the most prominent instance of such a competition was the rapid development by the United States and the Soviet Union of more and better nuclear weapons during the Cold War ( nuclear arms race)
  
Douglas MacArthur
Commander of Allied forces in the southwest Pacific during WWII, of occupation forces in Japan, and of UN forces in Korea until a dispute over strategy led Truman to dismiss him

Chiang Kai-shek
Chinese Nationalist leader. He was also called Chiang Chung-cheng. After the war ended Chiang failed to achieve a settlement with the Communists, and civil war continued. In 1948 Chiang became the first president elected under a new, liberalized constitution. He soon resigned, however, and his moderate vice president, Gen. Li Tsung-jęn, attempted to negotiate a truce with the Communists. The talks failed, and in 1949 Chiang resumed leadership of the Kuomintang to oppose the Communists, who were sweeping into S China in strong military force and reducing the territories held by the Nationalists.

Taiwan
Following the end of World War II in 1945, under the terms of the Instrument of Surrender of Japan, which is an armistice and Modus Vivendi ending the WWII, Japan provisionally accepted the Potsdam Declaration which referenced the Cairo Declaration under which the island was to be transferred to China. The ROC troops were authorized to come to Taiwan to accept the surrender of Japanese military forces in General Order No. 1 issued by General Douglas MacArthur on September 2, 1945, and were later transported to Keelung by the U.S. Navy. The ROC troops were initially hesitant to accept the surrender of the Japanese garrison and undertake military occupation of the island.

Mao Zedong
Ld the Communist Party of China (CPC) against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, allowing the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Caused many Chinese deaths

People's Republic of China
The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with the Communist Party of China in control of the mainland, and the Kuomintang (KMT) retreating to Taiwan and some outlying islands of Fujian. On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China, declaring "the Chinese people have stood up. 

Joseph Stalin
After Lenin died in 1924, he defeated Trotsky to gain power in the U.S.S.R. He created consecutive five year plans to expand heavy industry. He tried to crush all opposition and ruled as the absolute dictator of the U.S.S.R. until his death.

Kim II Sung
the leader of North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party where he exercised autocratic power.

Syngman Rhee
the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was a strong anti-Communist, and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii.

Korean War; U.N. Police fiction
occurring between June 25, 1950 and a ceasefire on July 27, 1953, was a civil war between the states of North Korea and South Korea that were created out of the post-World War II Soviet and American occupation zones in Korea, with large-scale participation by other countries. The principal support on the side of the North Korean communists was the People's Republic of China, with limited assistance by Soviet combat advisors, military pilots, and weapons. South Korea was supported by United Nations (UN) forces, principally from the United States, although many other nations also contributed personnel.

38th parallel
Dividing line between North and South Korea first established to separate Soviet and US occupation zones after Japan's defeat in 1945; the Korean War began in 1950 after North Korean communists crossed the parallel into South Korea.

Dennis et al. v. United States
1951, The Supreme Court upheld the conviction clearing the way for prosecution of other communist leaders. In July 1048, the administration charged eleven top communists with violating the Smith Act of 1940, which made it a crime to conspire to "advocate and teach" the violent overthrow of government. After ten months of trial and deliberation, a lower court declared the Smith Act constitutional and the communists guilty.

Smith Act (1940)
Required fingerprinting and regulating of all aliens in the US. It made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the government. The basis of later prosecutions of members of the Communist and Socialist Workers parties.

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
Passed by Congress in 1947 and it created the Department of Defense. It also established a National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government foreign fact-gathering.

House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) Created on temporary basis to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During WWII most investigations involved fascists, following the war the committee focused on communists.

Alger Hiss
A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Whittaker Chambers
An American writer/editor who was a defected communist and soviet union spy. Best known for his testimony against Alger Hiss.

Rosenberg case
Involved Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were American communists. They were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the USSR.

Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin Senator who began sensational campaign in February, 1950 by asserting that the U.S. State Department had been infiltrated by Communists. In 1953 became Chair of the Senate Sub- Committee on Investigations and accused the Army of covering up foreign espionage. The Army-McCarthy Hearings made McCarthy look so foolish that further investigations were halted.

Here you ungrateful losers. none are missing.

Stimson Doctrine
In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan’s military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

Good-neighbor policy
FDR’s policy towards Latin America emphasizing trade and cooperation rather than imperialistic intervention; aimed to reduce direct foreign intervention centered purely around economic motivation.

Pan American Conferences (1933, 1936)
At the seventh Pan-American Conference held at Montevideo in 1933, Secretary of State Cordell Hull voted for non-intervention. At the 1936 Buenos Aires meeting of the Pan-American Conference, the US offered to make the Monroe Doctrine multilateral. The Conference endorsed the non-intervention principle and agreed to consult in the face of danger. 

London Economic Conference (1933)
Held in order to check world depression by means of currency stabilization. International disagreements and the attitude of the US kept the meeting from accomplishing anything and currency restrictions subsequently became more stringent throughout the world.

Soviet Union
A constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. From 1945 until its dissolution in 1991 - a period known as the Cold War - it and the United States were the two world superpowers that dominated the global agenda of economic policy, foreign affairs, and military operations.

Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934
Philippines In 1933 the U.S. had proposed granting the Philippines independence in 12 years while retaining its military bases there. The Philippines rejected the offer and asked for immediate commonwealth status with independence by 1946. The U.S. accepted their offer.

Cordell Hull
Secretary of State during FDR's presidency. Believed in reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in the Good Neighbor policy. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the "Father of the UN."

Fascism
Totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life. The name was first used by the party started by Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy from 1922 until the Italian defeat in World War II. However, it has also been applied to similar ideologies in other countries, e.g., to National Socialism in Germany and to the regime of Francisco Franco in Spain.

Italian Fascist Party; Benito Mussolini
Prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. He established a repressive fascist regime that valued nationalism, militarism, anti-liberalism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda. Mussolini became a close ally of German dictator Adolf Hitler


German Nazi Party; Adolf Hitler
Chancellor of Germany from 1933, and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 until his death. He was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), the Nazi Party, which consists of a loose collection of ideas and positions: extreme nationalism, racism, eugenics, totalitarianism, homophobia, anti-Semitism, anti-communism, and limits to freedom of religion.

Axis Powers
Those states opposed to the Allies during the Second World War. The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the Second World War ended with their total defeat.

Isolationism
A foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: Non-interventionism - Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.

Nye Committee
Studied the causes of United States involvement in World War I between 1934 and 1936. There were seven members of what was officially known as Senate Munitions Investigating Committee. Senators Homer T. Bone, James P. Pope, Bennett Champ Clark, and Arthur H. Vandenberg served on the committee. Alger Hiss was the committee's general counsel, Senator Gerald Nye lead it. Ninety-three hearings questioned more than two hundred witnesses. It found that the arms industry was at fault for price fixing and held excessive influence on American foreign policy leading up to and during World War I.

Manchuria (Manchukuo)
A territory of northeastern China constantly disputed over by Russia, China, and Japan between WWI and II. Japan occupied Manchuria in the 1930’s as a buffer zone between its mainland territory and the USSR.

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
A conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic.

America First Committee
The foremost pressure group against US entry into WWII.

Appeasement
A policy of accepting the imposed conditions of an aggressor in lieu of armed resistance, usually at the sacrifice of principles. Since WWII, the term has gained a negative connotation in the British government, in politics and in general, of weakness, cowardice and self-deception. Most famous for being Neville Chamberlain's foreign policy during the inter war period 1919-1939 when he used a policy of appeasement to prevent another WW.

Rhineland
The land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. Following the First World War of the early 1900s, the western part of Rhineland was occupied by Entente forces and then demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles. German forces reoccupied the territory in 1936, as part of a diplomatic test of will, three years before the outbreak of the WWII.

Czechoslovakia
The nationality problem led to a European crisis when the German nationalist minority, led by Konrad Henlein and vehemently backed by Hitler, demanded the union of the predominantly German districts with Germany. Threatening war, Hitler extorted through the Munich Pact (Sept., 1938) the cession of the Bohemian borderlands (Sudetenland).
 
Sudetenland
Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland, a portion of Czechoslovakia whose inhabitants were mostly German speaking. On Sept. 29, Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain signed the Munich Pact, which gave Germany the Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Chamberlain justified the pact with the belief that appeasing Germany would prevent war. Seized by the Nazis in September 1938 and was restored to Czechoslovakia in 1945, after which the German population was expelled.

Quarantine speech
Given by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on October 5, 1937 in Chicago calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and isolationism that was prevalent at the time. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention. The speech was a response to aggressive actions by Italy and Japan, and suggested the use of economic pressure, a forceful response, but less direct than outright aggression.

Cash and carry
A store where goods are sold more cheaply for cash and taken away by the buyer

Poland; Blitzkrieg
On 1st September 1939, German forces invaded Poland. Blitzkrieg was now put into practice. A form of warfare used by German forces in World War II. In a blitzkrieg, troops in vehicles, such as tanks, made quick surprise strikes with support from airplanes. These tactics resulted in the swift German conquest of France and Poland in 1940 (see fall of France).Blitzkrieg is German for “lightning war.”

Selective Training and Service Act(1940)
First US peacetime conscription act. The act provided that no more than 900,000 men were to be in training at any one time and it limited service to 12 months.
 
Destroyers for bases deal
In exchange for 50 old World War I American destroyers which had in 1939 and 1940 had been recommissioned and were serving on Neutrality Patrol, Britain Gave Us 99 Year leases to establish Military Bases on British Possessions in the Western Hemisphere

Wendell Willkie
Republican 1940 presidential candidate. In his campaign he endorsed FDR'S defense policies  but attacked the New Deal at home and lost the election.

4 Freedoms speech
The four principles President Franklin D. Roosevelt considered to be essential for world peace: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. The president spoke of the four freedoms in a 1941 address in which he called on Americans to support those who were fighting in World War II. "Freedom from fear and want" was also mentioned in the Atlantic Charter.

Lend-Lease Act
A law passed in March of 1941 by sweeping majorities in both houses of Congress. This law said that the U.S. would lend or lease weapons to overseas countries and victims of aggression who would in turn finish the job of the fighting, and keep the war overseas from the U.S.

Atlantic Charter
August 1941 - Drawn up by FDR and Churchill with eight main principles: Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors

Pearl Harbor
7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Office of Price Administration
(OPA) Government agency which successful combatted inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II

Smith vs. Allwright (1944)
Supreme Court overturned the Grovey decision(that the Democratic Party was a private organization), concluding that several state laws made the Texas primary more than just a function of a private organization, it was an integral component of the electoral process. Therefore, unconstitutional to prohibit African Americans from voting in the Democratic primary

Korematsu vs. US
(1943) By a 6-3 vote, the court upheld the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans. In Ex parte Endo, the court held that the government could not detain a person whose loyalty had been established.

Battle of the Atlantic
Coined by Winston Churchill in 1941, is a partial misnomer for a campaign that began on the first day of the European war and lasted for six years, involved thousands of ships and stretched over hundreds of miles of the vast ocean and seas in a succession of more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters; Allies vs U-Boats

D-Day
June 6, 1944, In the first 24 hours, 150,000 allied troops landed on the beach of Normandy. An additional million waded ashore in the following weeks, and allies reached inland in July, arriving in Paris by August. By summer’s end British secured Belgium and the Americans recovered France and Luxembourg.

The Battle of the Bulge
AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis’s favor. The “bulge” refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance. the most bloody of the comparatively few European battles American forces experienced in WWII, the 19,000 American dead

Battle of Midway
1942, when Japanese and American forces squared off again in this most important naval battle of the Pacific war. Japan wanted control of the Midway Islands to launch air strikes against American installations in Hawaii.

Chester Nimitz
Nimitz served as an Admiral in the Battle of Midway in 1942. He commanded the American fleet in the Pacific Ocean and learned the Japanese plans through "magic" decoding of their radio messages. With this intercepted information, Nimitz headed the Japanese off and defeated them.

Douglas Macarthur
A senior American military leader in the Pacific Theater who served in World War II MacArthur helped rebuild Japan after the war, and played a key role in limiting the Communist takeover of Korea with his daring Inchon Landing.

Manhattan Project
Or more formally, the Manhattan Engineering District (MED), was the effort during World War II to develop the first nuclear weapons of the United States with assistance from the UK and Canada.

J. Robert Oppenheimer
(1904-1967) Physics professor at U.C. Berkeley and Caltech, he headed the U.S. atomic bomb project in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He later served on the Atomic Energy Commission, although removed for a time the late 1950's, over suspicion he was a Communist sympathizer.

Atomic Bomb
A bomb that uses the fission of radioactive elements such as uranium or plutonium to create explosions equal to the force of thousands of pounds of regular explosives. The first atomic bomb was produced at the Los Alamos, N.Mex., laboratory and successfully tested on July 16, 1945. This was the culmination of a large U.S. army program that was part of the Manhattan Project, led by Dr. Robert Oppenheimer. It began in 1940, two years after the German scientists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered nuclear fission.

Hiroshima; Nagasaki
Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki involved the nuclear attack on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States Army Air Forces on August 6, 1945 with the nuclear weapon "Little Boy," followed three days later by the detonation of the "Fat Man" bomb over Nagasaki during World War II against the Empire of Japan, part of the opposing Axis Powers alliance. the prevailing view is that the bombings ended the war months sooner than would otherwise have been the case, saving many lives that would have been lost on both sides if the planned invasion of Japan had taken place.

Big 3
The three principal Allied leaders during World War II: Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union.

Yalta
A conference between Stalin and FDR in an attempt to get Russian support in the highly anticipated invasion of Japan. Russia, in return, received the southern part of Sakilin Island that it had lost to Japan and joint control of Manchuria's railroads. The Allies also reluctantly allowed Poland to become communist. Many Americans saw this deal as a failure.

United Nations
An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919. 

missing: FHA

Great Depression
a worldwide economic downturn that started in Oct,1929 and lasted through the 30s. It began in the US and quickly spread to every part of the world. International trade declined sharply, as did personal incomes, tax revenues, prices and profits.

Black Tuesday (October 29,1929)
notorious for being the worst day in the US stock market, but in terms of percentage loss, the honor goes to Black Monday (1987 and 1929).
Dow Jones Index
one of several stock market indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company founder Charles Dow. Dow compiled the index as a way to gauge the performance of the industrial component of US's stock markets. It is the oldest continuing US market index.
Buying on Margin
buying stock on credit. Buyers must usually pay a percentage of the stock’s price. In the Georgia Stock Market Game, a team must pay 50 percent of the stock’s price when buying on margin.
 
Gross National Product
The value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff
signed into law on June 17, 1930 and raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels, and, in the opinion of many economists, worsened the Great Depression. Many countries retaliated and American exports and imports plunged by more than half

Debt moratorium
argue that it is a sovereign decision by the government of a nation to suspend payment of debt to its creditors, in the event that to do otherwise would do irreparable harm to the welfare of its citizenry. A debt moratorium may take the form of a complete cessation of debt payments, or a partial cessation

Farm Board
Under the administration of Herbert Hoover, the Agriculture Marketing Act of 1929 established the Federal Farm Board with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars. The original act was sponsored by Hoover in an attempt to stop the downward spiral of crop prices by seeking to buy, sell and store agricultural surpluses or by generously lending money to farm organizations. The Act was not beneficial; as the inflation ran deeper the value of the money started sinking and the losses of the farmers were getting bigger

Reconstruction Finance Corporation
an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. It was modeled after the War Finance Corporation of World War I. After its creation it was given an initial $5 billion capital in order to begin moving towards an economic comeback. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, farm mortgage associations, and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid.

Bonus march (1932)
an assemblage of about 20,000 World War I veterans, their families, and other affiliated groups who demonstrated in Washington, D.C. during the spring and summer of 1932 seeking immediate payment of a "bonus" granted by the Adjusted Service Certificate Law of 1924 for payment in 1945. They were led by Walter W. Waters, a former Army sergeant, and encouraged by an appearance from retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, one of the most popular military figures of the time.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
the 32nd President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. A central figure of the 20th century, he has consistently been ranked as one of the three greatest U.S. presidents in scholarly surveys.

Eleanor Roosevelt:
American political leader who used her stature as First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945 to promote her husband's (Franklin D. Roosevelt's) New Deal, as well as civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945 she built a career as an author/speaker, a New Deal Coalition advocate and spokesperson for human rights. She was a suffragist who worked hard to enhance the status of working women, opposing the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would hurt them. In the late 1940s she became a leader in supporting the United Nations, the United Nations Association and Freedom House. She chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Harry S. Truman called her the First Lady of the World in honor of her extensive human rights promotions.

Twentieth Amendment
also called The Lame Duck Amendment, or the "Norris" Amendment, establishes some details of presidential succession and of the beginning and ending of the terms of elected federal officials.

First New Deal
series of programs between 1933–1937 with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. Dozens of alphabet agencies were created as a result.

Relief, recovery, reform
Three components of the New Deal. Relief was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, included social security and unemployment insurance. Recovery was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Reform let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Brain Trust
Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet. 
 
Frances Perkins
the Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. She worked for the 48 hour workweek for women, minimum wage laws and unemployment insurance. She played a key role in writing New Deal legislation and the passage of the Social Security Act.
 
Hundred Days
At Roosevelt's request, Congress began a special session to review recovery and reform laws submitted by the President for Congressional approval. It actually lasted only 99 days. 

Bank Holiday
March 1933; Roosevelt closed all banks and forbade the export of gold or redemption of currency in gold.

fireside chats
a series of 30 evening radio talks given by United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944. According to Roosevelt’s principal speechwriter, Judge Samuel Rosenman, he first used “fireside chats” in 1929 during his first term as Governor of New York.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: FDIC
a public corporation, established in 1933, that insures, up to a specified amount, all demand deposits of member banks; created so that another Great Depression could not occur because a complete bankruptcy could not occur

Public Works Administration
Created by the National Industrial Recovery Act on June 16, 1933, the Public Works Administration (PWA) budgeted several billion dollars to be spent on the construction of public works as a means of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, improving public welfare, and contributing to a revival of American industry. Simply put, it was designed to spend "big bucks on big projects."
 
Harold Ickes
In 1933 FD Roosevelt appointed Ickes as his Secretary of the Interior. This involved running the Public Works Administration (PWA) and over the next six years spent more than $5,000,000,000 on various large-scale projects. Ickes, a strong supporter of civil rights, he worked closely with Walter Francis White of the NAACP to establish quotas for African American workers in PWA projects.

CCC
The Civilian Conservation Corps was created by the Unemployment Relief Act of 1933. It provided employment in government camps for 3 million uniformed single, young men during the Great Depression. The work they were involved in included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage.
 
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
a federally owned corporation in the United States created in 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly hard hit by the Great Depression. The TVA was envisioned not only as an electricity provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society.
   
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
an emergency measure designed to encourage industrial recovery and combat widespread unemployment.The act called for industrial self-regulation and declared that codes of fair competition—that limited production and stabilized prices—were to be drafted for the various industries of the country and were to be subject to public hearings. The administration was empowered to make voluntary agreements dealing with hours of work and rates of pay. Employees were given the right to organize and bargain collectively and could not be required, as a condition of employment, to join or refrain from joining a labor organization.

Schechter v. U.S.
May, 1935 - The U.S. Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional. It held that Congress had improperly delegated legislative authority to the National Industrial Recovery Administration and that the federal government had exceeded its jurisdiction because Schecter was not engaged in interstate commerce.

Securities Exchange Commission
commonly referred to as the SEC, is the United States governing body which has primary responsibility for overseeing the regulation of the securities industry. It enforces, among other acts, the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Investment Company Act of 1940 and the Investment Advisors Act. It removed regulatory authority from the Federal Trade Commission.

Second New Deal
The second phase of the New Deal (1935–41), while continuing with relief and recovery measures, provided for social and economic legislation to benefit the mass of working people. The social security system was established in 1935, the year the National Youth Administration and Work Projects Administration were set up. The Fair Labor Standards Act was passed in 1938. The Revenue Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 provided measures to democratize the federal tax structure. The Supreme Court invalidated a number of New Deal measures, however; in 1935 the NRA was struck down and the following year the AAA was invalidated. The President unsuccessfully sought to reorganize the Supreme Court. Meanwhile, other laws were substituted for legislation that had been declared unconstitutional.

Works Progress Administration
Congress created this in 1935 as an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. They worked on bridges, roads, and buildings. They spent 11 billion dollars and gave almost 9 million people jobs. It was one of the New Deal Agencies.

Harry Hopkins
was one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisors. He was one of the architects of the New Deal, especially the relief programs of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which he directed and built into the largest employer in the country. In World War II he was Roosevelt's chief diplomatic advisor and troubleshooter and was a key policy maker in the $50 billion Lend Lease program that sent aid to the allies.

National Labor Relations/Wagner Act (1935)
defined unfair labor practices and protected unions against coercive measures such as blacklisting. Set up the National Labor Relations Board and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively.

Social Security Act
Social Security Act of 1935 created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. They would receive this money in a monthly pension when they reached the age of 65. The unemployed, disabled, and mothers with dependent children would also receive this money.

Father Charles Coughlin
Anti-New Deal Catholic Priest; began broadcasting in 1930; called the "microphone messiah"; slogan was "Social Justice"; silenced in 1942 when his broadcasts became too radical.

Francis Townsend
Townsend was a retired physician who developed a plan in which the government would give monetary resources to senior citizens ages sixty and over. This plan was a type of pension for older Americans. He had a lot of followers. This people thought FDR wasn't doing enough.

Huey Long
Louisiana governor, then U.S. senator, who ran a powerful political machine and whose advocacy of redistribution of income gained him a national political following at the time of his assassination in 1935.

Supreme Court reorganization plan
Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.

Congress of Industrial Organizations
this labor union formed in the ranks of the AFL. It consisted of unskilled workers. The AFL got scared of their influence on workers and suspended all members of the CIO. In 1938 it broke with the AF of L. By 1940 it had 4 million members.

John L. Lewis
the leader of the United Mine Workers. He also formed the CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization). He led a "sit-down" strike on General Motors at Flint, Michigan in 1936. Unionists from the Republic Steel Co. wanted to join the CIO, and a fight broke out in 1937 called the 

Sit-down strike
A strike in which workers refuse to leave the workplace until a settlement is reached

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
FLSA, Federal Law that established certain minimum requirements for employee's hours, wages, premium overtime, and payroll records.

John Maynard Keynes
Believed that the government could pull the economy out of depression by increasing gov't spending, increasing jobs, and increasing consumer buying power.

Depression mentality
millions of people developed an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that would always remain, even in times of prosperity. 
 
Drought; dust bowl; Okies
The Dust Bowl was a weather phenomenon caused by decades of improper farming of the central United States which rendered farming impossible, millions of acres uninhabitable, and hundreds of thousands without jobs. As a result, thousands of "Okies" migrated to California in search of work. 
  
Marian Anderson
An American contralto singer who was instrumental in breaking the colored barrier; she was the first black woman to perform with the New York Metropolitan Opera. Before integration, she was denied the opportunity to sing at a number of venues, but held an open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, for which she is most famous. 
 
Mary McLeod Bethune
A member of Roosevelt's "Black Cabinet" who played a prominent role in a number of African-American organizations, mostly women's organizations, which agitated politically for equal rights. Furthermore, she was influential in the desegregation of schools and in the education of African-Americans. 

Fair Employment Practice Committee
a federal executive order requiring companies with government contracts give not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It helped African Americans obtain jobs in the home front industry.

A. Philip Randolph
a prominent twentieth century African-American civil rights leader and founder of the first black labor union in the U.S.

Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act (1934)
A U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives.[1] These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations.

here. i'm kinda getting tired of doing this. no one really appreciates it and other classes just steal from it. so i'm not really sure what the point of my doing this is. i'm not helping myself. and i'm just wasting my own time posting it up for you people. it actually takes time. i have to edit out shit and format it. whatever. i just really hate history. and i'm not in a good mood.

none are missing.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act (1922)
Reflected US isolationist inclinations following WWI. Congress adopted a laissez-faire attitude toward regulating business and pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to the postwar Allied governments who returned the favor by buying US goods and by cracking down on strikes.

Bureau of the Budget
The White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB is tasked with giving expert advice to senior WH officials on a range of topics relating to federal policy, management, legislative, regulatory, and budgetary issues. The bulk of OMB's 500 employees are charged with monitoring the adherence of their assigned federal programs to presidential policies.

Teapot Dome
One of many scandals under Harding; Involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert B. Fall got Secretary of Navy, Denby to transfer valuable goods to Interior Department secretly. Harry Sinclair and Edward L Dohney were released the lands after paying a large bribe. Scandal polluted governments prestige and made public wonder about the sufficiency of government and undermined faith in courts

Alfred E. Smith
He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics.

Henry Ford
He made assembly line production more efficient in his Rouge River plant near Detroit- a finished car would come out every 10 seconds. He helped to make car inexpensive so more Americans could buy them. 

Assembly Line
A process in which the job of making a product is divided into many smaller jobs. Each worker assembles the same part on every item made. The workers stay in the same place while the items pass by on a moving belt or track.

Open shop
A type of union that does not require employees in the bargaining unit to become union members or pay fees to secure or retain employment. The union is obligated by law to represent members and non-members equally.

Jazz age
Also known as the American High, describes the period of the 1920s, the years between the end of World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, particularly in North America and (in the era's literature) specifically in New York City, largely coinciding with the Roaring Twenties; ending with the rise of the Great Depression, the traditional values of this age saw great decline while the American stock market soared.

Charles Lindberg
Known as "Lucky Lindy" and "The Lone Eagle," was an American pilot famous for the first solo, non-stop flight from New York to Paris in 1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis. In the ensuing deluge of notoriety, Lindbergh became the world's best-known aviator.

Sigmund Freud
One of the founders of psychiatry, discovered the subconscious. Believed that the mind is divided into 3 parts: id - primitive impulse; ego - reason which regulates between the id and reality; and superego – morals. He argued that health demanded sexual gratification and liberation. His writings seemed to justify the new sexual frankness of the 1920s.

Margaret Sanger
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early
1900’s. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Fundamentalism
A religious movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and rejecting any compromise with Darwinism; opposed religious modernists 
 
Billy Sunday
Baseball player and preacher; stomped and jumped to emphasize his points; believed that prohibition would cleanse the nation’s soul; part of the fundamentalist revival;

Aimee Semple McPherson
Most popular and most famous evangelist; preached with the help of bands, orchestras, and choirs; combined Hollywood showmanship, NY advertising, and old-fashioned religion; had her own radio show 

Gertrude Stein
American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

Lost Generation
A phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Often it is used to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe, some after military service in the First World War. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, and John Dos Passos. It also refers to the time period from the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. More generally, the term is used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I

F. Scott Fitzgerald
Expatriate American writer who epitomized the Jazz Age. His novels include The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is the Night (1934); focused on personal alienation; wrote This Side of Paradise in which he depicted a world occupied by a generation grown up to find all Gods dead, all wars fought, all faith in man shaken 

Sinclair Lewis
American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

Ezra Pound
An American expatriate poet, musician and critic who was a major figure in the Modernist movement in poetry.
 
T. S. Elliot
"The Waste Land" One of the most influential poets of the early 20th century, he had been born in St. Louis, Missouri, but moved to England after college and spent his adult life in Europe. The poem, written in 1922, contrasts the spiritual bankruptcy of modern Europe with the values and unity of the past. Displayed profound despair. Considered the foundation of modernist, 20th century poetry.

Frank Lloyd Wright
Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

Functionalism
A design movement evolved from several previous movements or schools in Europe in the early 20th century, advocating the design of buildings, furnishings, etc., as direct fulfillments of material requirements, as for shelter, repose, or the serving of food, with the construction, materials, and purpose clearly expressed or at least not denied, and with aesthetic effect derived chiefly from proportions and finish, purely decorative effects being excluded or greatly subordinated.
 
Edward Hopper
An American painter best remembered for his eerily realistic depictions of solitude in contemporary American life.

Georgia O’Keeffe
American artist. O'Keeffe has been a major figure in American art since the 1920s. She is chiefly known for paintings in which she synthesizes abstraction and representation in paintings of flowers, rocks, shells, animal bones and landscapes. Her paintings present crisply contoured forms that are replete with subtle tonal transitions of varying colors, and she often transformed her subject matter into powerful abstract images.
 
Harlem Renaissance
Harlem was a center for black writers, musicians, and intellectuals. Across the cultural spectrum (literature, drama, music, visual art, dance) and also in the realm of social thought (sociology, historiography, philosophy), artists and intellectuals found new ways to explore the historical experiences of black America and the contemporary experiences of black life in the urban North. Notable figures: Langston Hughes, Billie Holiday, and Duke Ellington.

Countee Cullen
American poet; A major writer of the Harlem Renaissance—a flowering of black artistic and literary talent in the 1920s—Cullen wrote poetry inspired by American black life. His technique was conventional, modeled on that of John Keats, and his mood passed from racial pride and optimism in the 1920s to sadness and disappointment in the 1930s. Among his volumes of verse are Color (1925), Copper Sun (1927), The Ballad of the Brown Girl (1927), and On These I Stand (1947).

James Weldon Johnson
African-American author, poet, early civil rights activist, and prominent figure in the Harlem Renaissance. He was also one of the first African-American professors at New York University.

Claude McKay
American poet and novelist; A major figure of the Harlem Renaissance, McKay is best remembered for his poems treating racial themes. His works include the volumes of poetry Spring in New Hampshire (1920) and Harlem Shadows (1922); and the novels Home to Harlem (1927), Banjo (1929), and Banana Bottom (1933). For years McKay was involved in radical political activities (communism), but he became increasingly disillusioned, and in 1944 he converted to Roman Catholicism.

Duke Ellington
Grammy Award-winning jazz pianist, composer, and orchestra leader considered the most prolific composer and best-known figure in jazz history. Ellington's orchestra featured jazz's biggest names and achieved an almost perfect unity of style, making tremendous progress in the jazz idiom. His works include "Mood Indigo" (1930), "Black, Brown and Beige" (1943), and "Night Creatures" (1955).

Louis Armstrong
Jazz musician known for his virtuosic skills on the cornet and trumpet. Armstrong popularized the scat style of singing and remains one of jazz's most important and influential musicians. He was a member of King Oliver's band in the 1920s, and he formed several bands of his own, namely the Hot Fives and Sevens.

Bessie Smith
American singer; after working in traveling shows she went to New York City, where she made (1923–28) recordings, accompanied by such outstanding artists as Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, and James P. Johnson. She quickly became the favorite singer of the jazz public. The power and somber beauty of her voice, coupled with songs representing every variety of the blues, earned her the title "Empress of the Blues."

Paul Robeson
3-year NFL pro; also scholar, lawyer, singer, actor and political activist; long-tainted by Communist sympathies, he was finally inducted into College Football Hall of Fame in 1995.

Marcus Garvey
Black leader who advocated "black nationalism," and financial independence for Blacks, he started the "Back to Africa" movement. He believed Blacks would not get justice in mostly white nations.

Scopes Trial
In 1925 Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. His trial was watched all over the country. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernist. In the outcome Scopes was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad.

Clarence Darrow
A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Prohibition; Volstead Act (1919)
The 18th amendment outlawed the production and sale of intoxicating liquors. The volsted act defined what was an "intoxicating liquor"

Immigration Quota Laws (1921, 1924)
The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the United States in 1910. The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced that number to 2% of the 1890 population from a specific country. 

Sacco and Vanzetti
Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence, mainly due to Americans were xenophobia.
World War I.

Washington Conference (1921)
The Washington Naval Conference was a diplomatic conference held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. Held outside the auspices of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first disarmament conference in history.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty (1928)
(1929) Created by Frank B. Kellogg and Aristide Briand, this pact promised to never make war again and settle all disputes peacefully. Sixty-two nations signed this pact. The treaty was hard to enforce and had no provisions for the use of economic or military force against a nation that may break the treaty.

Reparations
Monetary compensation intended to cover damage or injury during a war, generally paid by the losing side to the victor as part of the terms of a peace treaty. It can also refer more generally to debts incurred by either side while fighting a war.

Dawes Plan
(As proposed by the Dawes Committee, Chaired by Charles G. Dawes) An attempt following World War I for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from defeated post-World War I Germany. The amount of these payments proved to be too great for the flagging German economy and in 1923 Germany defaulted and French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr in response. This occupation of the center of the German coal and steel industries both outraged Germany and put further strain on its economy. When (after five years) the plan failed to operate as expected, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it. 

Submarine Warfare
A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships without warning. There have been three major campaigns of unrestricted submarine warfare: (1) The First Battle of the Atlantic during World War I (waged intermittently by Germany between 1915 and 1918). (Ostensibly the casus belli for the U.S. entry into World War I in 1917.), (2) The Second Battle of the Atlantic during World War II (1939–1945). (waged by Germany), (3) The Pacific War during World War II (1941–1945). (waged by the U.S.)

Lusitania
The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans.

Sussex pledge
A promise to change the naval warfare policy by Germany to the US. Germany had instituted a policy of intensified sub warfare, allowing armed merchant ships, but not passenger ships, to be torpedoed without warning. Despite this restriction, a ferry, the Sussex, was torpedoed without warning. It prompted Wilson to declare that if Germany were to continue this practice, the US would declare war. 

Allied powers
Composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917, and after major economic and military blows, World War I ended with the Treaty of Versailles 

Central Powers
During WWI, the powers opposing the Allies. These countries included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. 

Propaganda
The first large-scale use of propaganda by the US government came during World War I. To keep the prices of war supplies down, the government produced posters that encouraged people to reduce waste and grow their own vegetables in "victory gardens." The government used propaganda on a larger scale during the New Deal and World War II. Why We Fight is a famous series of US government propaganda films made to justify US involvement in World War II.

Preparedness
As Chief of Staff of the Army, Craig pointed out to Congress the Army’s lack of preparedness in manpower and material, stressed the necessity of lead time in military preparedness, focused attention on Army planning, and, within governmental constraints, prepared the Army for World War II 

Jeannette Rankin
First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War. 

Edward Mandell House
An American diplomat, politician and presidential advisor from the time of World War I until well into the 1930s. Commonly known by the honorific title of Colonel House, he had a relationship of enormous personal influence with President Woodrow Wilson as his foreign policy advisor. 

Zimmermann telegram
A coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on January 16, 1917, to the German ambassador in Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt, at the height of World War I. The telegram instructed the ambassador to approach the Mexican government with a proposal to form a military alliance against the United States. It was intercepted and decoded by the British and its contents hastened the entry of the United States into World War I. 

Russian Revolution
A series of political and social upheavals in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the tsarist autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal and moderate-socialist Provisional Government, resulting in the establishment of Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. This eventually led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, which lasted until its dissolution in 1991.

Mobilization
The act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. The word mobilization was first used, in a military context, in order to describe the preparation of the Prussian army during the 1850s and 1860s. Mobilization theories and techniques have continuously changed from then till today. Notably, before World War I and World War II, several countries developed intricate plans to achieve a fast and effective mobilization in case of war.

George Creel
Head of the US Committee on Public Information, President Wilson’s WWI propaganda organization. He assembled a team of “Four Minute Men” to give speeches in favor of the war, also gathering thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, etc promoting the war.

War agencies
At the risk of making Heather very unhappy, I confess I’m at a loss on this one. I would, however, like to take this opportunity to wish you all fantastic luck on this test AND the cumulative vocab test for third quarter when you look through all these words again.

Espionage Act (1918)
Federal law passed shortly after entrance into WWI, made it a crime for a person to mail or print information that inspired dissent against the American war effort or promoted its enemies.

Sedition Act (1918)
Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

Scheneck vs. US
Scheneck was an officer of an anti-war group who was arrested for violations of the Espionage Act. The case sparked rethinking of the First Amendment until the Supreme Court ruled the Espionage Act was justifiable.

Selective Service Act
1940 under Franklin Roosevelt; created the country's first peacetime draft and formally established the Selective Service System as an independent Federal agency 

Bolsheviks
An organization of professional revolutionaries under a strict internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism and quasi-military discipline, who considered themselves as a vanguard of the revolutionary proletariat. Established by Lenin

American Expeditionary Force
US army commanded by General John J. Pershing that served in Europe during WWI

Fourteen Points
Introduced by Wilson in 1918. It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The only point that remained was the 14th (League of Nations). Each one was appealing to a specific group in the war and each one held a specific purpose.

Treaty of Versailles
This treaty was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.

Big Four
The "Big Four" refers to the four countries that were allied together in WWI. The countries were the U.S. represented by President Wilson, England represented by David Lloyd George, France represented by Georges Clemenceau, and Italy represented by Vittorio Orlando.

David Lloyd George
Prime minister of Britain who immovable in their resolve to impose a harsh settlement on Germany, securing punitive economic and territorial aims that they had secretly maped out early in the war (WW1).

Georges Clemenceau
French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929) 

Vittorio Orlando
Italian statesman and jurist; At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, he demanded the fulfillment of the secret Treaty of London of 1915, by which the Allies had promised Italy ample territorial compensation in Dalmatia for its entry into World War I. Meeting stubborn opposition from Woodrow Wilson and failing to secure British or French support, he dramatically left the conference in Apr., 1919, but returned in May. 

League of Nations (1919)
After the war, Wilson proposed the League in the 14th point of his peace plan. He envisioned it as an Assembly with seats for all nations and a special council for the great powers. The US voted not to join the League because in doing so, it would have taken away our self-determination, and Congress could not decide whether to go to war or not.

Reservationists
Lead by Henry Cabot Lodge. They were willing to support the league of nations as long as Wilson added amendments such as exempting US immigration policy from League decisions, giving Congress power to approve any league resolution that implemented article X.

Irreconcilables
Borah, Johnson, LaFollette. Some Senators would have been willing to support the League of Nations if certain reservations were made to the treaty. The "Irreconcilables" voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations.

Red Scare
Retroactively applied to two distinct periods of intense anti-Communism in United States history: first from 1917 to 1920, and second from the late 1940s through the mid-1950s. Both periods were characterized by the suspicion of widespread civil-service infiltration by Communists and Anarchist and fears of communist influence on U.S. society and infiltration of the U.S. government.

Palmer Raids
A series of controversial raids by the U.S. Justice and Immigration Departments from 1918 to 1921 on the radical left in the United States, including and especially radical anarchists and socialists. They were ordered and overseen by Alexander Palmer, Attorney General at the time.

Emma Goldman
A Lithuania-born anarchist known for her writings and speeches. She was lionized as an iconic "rebel woman" feminist by admirers, and derided as an advocate of politically motivated murder and violent revolution by her critics. Goldman played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in the United States and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.

Race riot
An outbreak of violent civil unrest in which race is a key factor. The term had entered the English language in the United States by the 1890s. Early use of the term in the United States referred to race riots which were often a dominant culture mob action against individuals or groups of people from other races. Much later, the term came to describe violence and property destruction by racial minority groups often directed at neighborhood business, government representatives and law enforcement agencies perceived as unfairly targeting racial groups.

new year in two days people! get ready to party!

missing: amber's li xi. where is it?

Progressive movement
Developed the Progressive Party, the popular name of the "People's Party," formed in the 1890's as a coalition of Midwest farm groups, socialists, and labor organizations, such as the American Federation of Labor. It attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax.

Pragmatism
A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

William James
Psychologist who laid groundwork for most Progressive thought in his seminal book, Principles of Psychology. Argued humans could control own evolution. Philosophy of pragmatism.

John Dewey
Philosopher-educator; Rejected tradition of rote memorization; Emphasized creative, flexible education that enabled students to acquire practical knowledge.

Frederick W. Taylor
Pioneered scientific management by doing time-motion studies on worker’s operations. Determined the simplest, cheapest way of performing each job.

Scientific management
Subdivided manufacturing into small tasks, thus imposing a new level of regimentation on factory life; Resulted in standardization of work procedures.

Muckrakers
Name given by Theodore Roosevelt to journalists who combined factual reporting with heavy moralizing to expose dishonesty, greed and corruption in America and to arouse the indignation of middle-class readers.

Henry Demarest Lloyd
Chicago lawyer, journalist, author. A critic of trusts, complaining they destroyed competition, undermined free enterprise, and stifled individual opportunity.

Standard Oil Company
Owned by John D. Rockefeller and one of the country's largest corp's. A trust busted by T. Roosevelt with Sherman anti-trust act Standard Oil became many smaller companies like Chevron and Texaco.

Lincoln Steffans
An American journalist and one of the most famous and influential practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking. He is also known for his 1921 statement, upon his return from the Soviet Union: "I have been over into the future, and it works." (Often misquoted as "I have seen the future, and it works.")

Ida Tarbell
A leading female muckraker who wrote the History of the Standard Oil Company this book exposed the monopolistic practices of the company. Strengthened the argument to end monopolies.

Jacob Rills
Danish-American muckraker journalist,pioneer investigative journalist, went under cover in meat packing factory. wrote books, friend with theo roosevelt; worked to improve life of urban poor

Theodore Dreiser
American naturalist author known for dealing with the gritty reality of life; wrote novel sister carrie.

Australian ballot
Originated in australia in 1850s; voting method in which voter's choices are confidential. stops attempts to influence the voter by intimidation or bribery, acheives goala of political privacy

Direct primary
A preliminary election in which a party's candidates for public office are nominated by direct vote of the people. 

Robert La Folette
Wisconsin senator and governor who several times unsuccessfully sought the Republican and Progressive Party presidential nominations; also, one of the founders of the National Progressive Republican League. 

direct election of senators; Seventeenth Amendment
Since April 8, 1913, the passage of the 17th amendment, senators have been elected to their posts directly by thier constituents and not by the Lower house of Representatives. 

Initiative; Referendum; Recall
A system of direct legislation by the people. Approved in 1902, it allows the citizenry of Oregon to propose new laws or change the State Constitution through a general election ballot measure. To place an initiative on the ballot, supporters must obtain a specified number of signatures from registered voters. The number required is determined by a fixed percentage of the votes cast for all candidates for governor at the general election preceding the filing of the petition.

Social welfare
Refers to any government program which seeks to provide a minimum level of income, service or other support for disadvantaged groups such as the poor, elderly, disabled and students. Social welfare payments and services are typically provided free of charge or at a nominal fee, and are funded by the state, or by compulsory enrollment of the poor themselves.

Municipal reform
Changes in city governments made to encourage greater efficiency, honesty, and responsiveness residents, particularly middle-class businessmen, organized against the corruption and inefficiency that they thought plagued their cities. This movement was particularly strong in cities controlled by political machines, the undemocratic and corrupt arrangements through which bosses could profit by controlling city governments.. The greatest era of municipal reform came in the late 1800s and early 1900s. City

Samuel Milton Jones
a.k.a. "Golden Rule Jones", lived from 1846 to 1904 and served as a Progressive Era Mayor of Toledo, Ohio from 1897 to 1904, passing away while still in office. Jones was originally a businessman. In 1894, he began the Acme Sucker Rod Company. He announced that the one company rule was the Golden Rule. He set up a Golden Rule Hall, a Golden Rule Dining Room, Golden Rule Park, even a Golden Rule Band. He was often mistaken as a socialist, although he was not.

Tom L. Johnson
Democrat; he headed relief efforts after the Johnstown, Pennsylvania floods of 1889, was a US Representative and the 35th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1903, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Ohio. He invented a pay-box for trolleys and became wealthy from licensing the patent. He began investing in street railways in Indianapolis, Cleveland, and Detroit.

Charles Evans Hughes
Governor of NY. In 1908 he was offered the vice-presidential nomination by Taft, but declined it to run again for Governor. As Chief Justice, he led the fight against FDR attempt to pack the Supreme Court.

Hiram Johnson
His role as attorney in the successful prosecution of Abe Ruef, political boss of San Francisco, led to his election (1910) as governor of California. Johnson broke the political tion of the Southern Pacific RR in California and secured the enactment of much reform legislation. A founder of the Progressive party, he was Theodore Roosevelt's running mate on the unsuccessful Progressive ticket of 1912; Johnson had been a stubborn opponent of the League of Nations, and he remained one of the most consistent of the isolationists in Congress.

Theodore Roosevelt; Square Deal
The term used by President Theodore Roosevelt and his associates for the domestic policies of his administration, particularly with regard to economic policies, such as antitrust enforcement. The term is a general reference to the concept of a square deal being an agreement that is made fairly between businesses and the consumers and workers.

Anthracite coal miner's strike (1902)
Demanding union recognition, a nine-hour day, and wage increase. In the face of a threatened coal shortage, Roosevelt intervened and threatened to work the mines with federal troops, whereupon the owners accepted his suggestion of a commission to investigate. The miners returned to work, but when the commission made its award, union recognition was withheld. Not until 1916 did the miners receive union recognition, with an eight-hour day. Still, for the first time the federal government had intervened in a labor-management dispute without automatically opposing the claims of organized labor.

Trust-Busting
Dissolving business trusts especially through vigorous application of antitrust regulations.

Elkins Act (1903)
This strengthened earlier federal legislation that outlawed preferential pricing through rebates. Rebates are returns of parts of the amount paid for goods or services, serving as a reduction or discount. This act also prohibited railroads from transporting goods they owned. As a dodge around previous legislation, railroads were buying goods and transporting them as if they were their own. 

Hepburn Act (1906)
It imposed stricter control over railroads and expanded powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission, including giving the ICC the power to set maximum rates. 

Upton Sinclair; The Jungle
United States writer whose novels argued for social reform (1878-1968); Jungle is a major critique of capitalism and an important example of the "muckraking" tradition begun by journalists such as Jacob Riis. The book's underlying message is that socialism is the only effective tool with which to fight unfettered capitalism and the only true remedy available to America's poor masses

Pure Food and Act (1906)
Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or erated food or, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of in order to abolish the "patent" trade; Still in existence as the FDA. 

Meat Inspection Act of 1906
A United States federal law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption. Unlike previous laws ordering meat inspections which were enforced to assure European nations from banning pork trade, the law was strongly motivated to protect the American diet. All labels on any type of food had to be 100 percent accurate. Although all harmful food wasn't banned, there were still warnings provided on the container. The law was partly a response to the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, an expose of the Chicago meat packing industry, as well as to other Progressive Era muckraking publications of the day.

Conservation movement
A political and social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including plant and animal species as well as their habitat for the future. The early conservation movement included fisheries and wildlife management, water, soil conservation and sustainable forestry.

Newlands Reclamation Act 1902
A United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of the American West. It was authored by Representative Francis G. Newlands of Nevada. 

Gifford Bryce Pinchot
(August 11, 1865 – October 4, 1946) was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910) and the Republican Governor of Pennsylvania 

William Howard Taft
The 27th President of the United States, the 10th Chief Justice of the United States, a leader of the progressive conservative wing of the Republican Party in the early 20th century, a chaired professor at Yale Law School, a pioneer in international arbitration, and a staunch advocate of world peace that verged on pacifism 

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910
A United States federal law that is considered to be among the Progressive reforms. The act extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to include communications. Supported by President William Howard Taft, it also made the long-short haul clause of the original act more effective, i.e., it strengthened government regulation of the railroads. It was passed by the Senate with a vote of 50-12. Not to be confused with the Elkins Act of 1903. 

Federal income tax; Sixteenth Amendment
Authorized income taxes in their present form, ratified on February 3, 1913. The amendment states that the Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. 

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
The bill originally entered the senate with the intention of lowering tariffs, but during the debate, President Taft, fearing a split in the Republican Party, sided with conservatives on the bill, which actually ended up raising tariffs. The incident lost Taft the support of the Progressive Republicans, creating a rift in the party and allowing the Democrats to take the election of 1912. 

Joseph Cannon
Speaker of the House during Taft’s presidency, he often contested Taft’s attempts at reform. Taft’s refusal to overcome Cannon’s opposition also led the Progressives to lose faith in him. Historians generally consider him to be the most dominant Speaker in United States history, with such control over the House that he could often control debate. Cannon is the second longest-serving Republican Speaker in history, 

Socialist Party of America
A socialist political party in the United States. It was formed in 1901 by a merger between the Social Democratic Party, and a wing of the older Socialist Labor Party of America. It flourished in numerous ethnic enclaves 1904-1912, with Eugene Debs as presidential candidate. It splintered over support for World War I, and was a minor political movement after 1920, often nominating Norman Thomas for president.

New Nationalism
Teddy Roosevelt’s Progressive political stance during the 1912 election, which promoted a centralized federal government that could regulate the economy in order to provide social equality. He supported child labor laws, a minimum wage, and regulation of corporations. It stood in contrast to Wilson’s “New Freedom” policy, which supported a less powerful federal government. 

New Freedom
Policy of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson that promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

Bull Moose Party
When Teddy Roosevelt lost the Republican nomination to Taft in 1912, he ran as a third party candidate of the Progressive Party. During his acceptance speech, he said he felt “as strong as a bull moose.” This split in the Republican Party candidates allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election. 

Underwood Tariff
Law passed by Congress in 1913 that substantially reduced tariffs and made up for the lost revenue by providing for a small graduated income tax. 
 
Federal Reserve Act
Law passed by Congress in 1913 establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks to hold the cash reserves of commercial banks and a Federal Reserve Board to regulate aspects of banking. 

Federal Reserve Board
A U.S. federal banking system that is under the control of a central board of governors (Federal Reserve Board) with a central bank (Federal Reserve Bank) in each of 12 districts and that has wide powers in controlling credit and the flow of money as well as in performing other functions, as regulating and supervising its member banks.  
 
Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
Established 12 regional Farm Loan Banks to serve members of Farm Loan Associations. Farmers could borrow up to 50% of the value of their land and 20% of the value of their improvements. The biggest benefit of the act was to allow small farmers to be more competitive with the larger businesses. Banks were to provide loans at a competitive rate to small businessmen.

Urban migration
The migration of a country's population from primarily rural to urban in search of better jobs and living conditions.
 
Niagara Movement
Formed by activist black leaders in 1910 to protest lynchings, disfranchisement and segregation. 

Booker T. Washington
United States educator who was born a slave but became educated and founded a college at Tuskegee in Alabama (1856-1915)

W.E.B. Du Bois
Souls of Black Folk; attacked Atlanta Compromise’s accommodations philosophy of Booker T. Washington; “Talented Tenth”; organized National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks.

National Urban League
Voluntary nonpartisan community service agency, founded in 1910, whose goal is to help end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States, especially toward African Americans, and to help economically and socially disadvantaged groups to share equally in every aspect of American life. It provides direct service in the areas of employment, housing, education, social welfare, health, family planning, mental retardation, law and consumer affairs, youth and student affairs, labor affairs, veteran’s affairs, and community and minority business development.

Carrie Chapman Catt
(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance; Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

National American Women’s Suffrage Association
Formed in 1890 and united 2 major women’s suffrage groups at that time discrimination, and recognition of human brotherhood

Alice Paul
A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics

National Women’s Party
A women's organization founded in 1913 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men and against employment discrimination. In contrast to other organizations, the NWP put its priority on the passage of a constitutional amendment ensuring women's suffrage.

Nineteenth Amendment
Prohibits both the federal government and the states from using a person's sex as a qualification to vote; it was specifically intended to extend suffrage to women.

League of Women Voters
A nonpartisan political organization, developed in 1920 to improve our systems of government and impact public policies through citizen education and advocacy. Its basic purpose is to make democracy work for all citizens. 

haha red and yellow for the new year. rep vietnam!

dedicated to amber. 

Here's the vocabulary. It's so long that it hurts my head just to look at the list. Anyways, some notes: I'm not sure which definition of Cuba Mrs. Moran wants.

Missing: Russo-Japanese War

William Seward
Secretary of state under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; An eager expansionist, he was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.

Napoleon III
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Alaska Purchase (1867)
From Russia by the United States occurred in 1867 at the behest of Secretary of State William Seward. The territory purchased was about 600,000 square miles (1,600,000 km²) of the modern state of Alaska.

“New Imperialism”
The colonial expansion adopted by Europe's powers and, later, Japan and the United States, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; approximately from the Franco-Prussian War to World War I (c. 1871–1914). The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions and the emergence in colonizing countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self-government.

Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Current Crisis
Josiah Strong was a founder of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply Protestant religious principles to solve the social ills brought on by industrialization, urbanization and immigration. His most well-known and influential work was Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885), intended to promote domestic missionary activity in the American West. Historians suggest it may have encouraged support for imperialistic United States policy among American Protestants. He pleaded as well for more missionary work in the nation's cities, and for reconciliation to end racial conflict.

Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
Mahan was a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of naval power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History’s premise was that in the contests between France and England in the 18th century, domination of the sea via naval power was the deciding factor in the outcome, and therefore, that control of seaborne commerce was critical to domination in war.

Pan-American Conference (1889)
Held largely as the result of the efforts of U.S. Secretary of State James G. Blaine, established the International Union of American Republics (later called the Pan-American Union), with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. Subsequent conferences dealt with such matters of common concern as arbitration of financial and territorial claims, extradition of criminals, codification of international law, copyrights, patents and trademarks, and the status of aliens and diplomatic personnel.

James Gillespie Blaine
A U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. Blaine contended that representation should be based on population instead of voters, as being fairer to the North, where the ratio of voters varied widely, and he insisted that it should be safeguarded by security for impartial suffrage.

Richard Olney
An American statesman. He served as both United States Attorney General and Secretary of State under President Grover Cleveland. In March 1893, Olney became U.S. Attorney General. During the Pullman strike in 1894, he instructed the district attorneys to secure from the Federal Courts writs of injunction restraining the strikers from acts of violence; thus setting a precedent for "government by injunction."

Venezuela boundary dispute
Diplomatic controversy, notable for the tension caused between Great Britain and the United States during much of the 19th cent. Of long standing, the dispute concerned the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana (now Guyana); the Venezuelan claim, extending E to the Essequibo River (and thus taking in most of the settled areas of British Guiana) had been inherited from Spain, and that of Great Britain, stretching W to the Orinoco, was acquired from the Dutch in 1810.

Cuba: The Cuba was a steamship owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Originally launched in 1897 as the German Coblenz, she was seized by the United States in 1917, and named Sachem, until Pacific Mail purchased her from the Shipping Board on February 6, 1920 for US$400,000. (I hope it meant the ship and not the country lol)
Cuba: Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean at the confluence of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Cuba is the most populous country in the Caribbean. Its culture and customs draw from several sources including the aboriginal Taíno and Ciboney peoples, the period of Spanish colonialism, the introduction of African slaves, and its proximity to the United States

Jingoism
The term is generally negative and applies to extreme patriotism used especially to persuade public opinion in support of war.

Valeriano Weyler
Born at Palma de Majorca on 17 September 1838 to a Spanish mother and a German father, who was a military doctor, and educated in Granada. His family was originally Prussian, and served in the Spanish army for several generations.After Marshal Campos had failed to pacify the Cuban rebellion, the Conservative government of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo sent out Weyler, and this selection met the approval of most Spaniards, who thought him the proper man to crush the rebellion

Yellow journalism
A pejorative reference to journalism that features scandal-mongering, sensationalism, excessive patriotism or other unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or individual journalists. The term originated during the circulation battles between the New York World and New York Journal from 1895 to about 1898. Both papers were accused by critics of sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation,

Spanish-American War
A conflict between Spain and the US that took place from April to August 1898. The War ended Spain’s presence in the Caribbean and Pacific. The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict and gave the US control over Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, and control over the process of independence of Cuba.

De Lôme Letter
Letter written by a Spanish Minister from the Spanish Embassy in DC to Havana. The letter was intercepted by Cuban revolutionaries and released to American newspapers. In the letter, the minister denounced President McKinley. The event fired up McKinley and fomented public sentiment against the Spanish, contributing to the outbreak of the Spanish-American war.

USS Maine
The sinking of the Maine on February 15, 1898 in the Havana Harbor precipitated the Spanish-American War and also popularized the phrase Remember the Maine!

Teller Amendment
An amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain which said that the U.S. had no intention to establish permanent control over Cuba; they would only occupy Cuba until peace was established. 

Philippines
an island nation in Southeast Asia. The United States gained possession of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the Philippine-American War in 1899. The U.S. ruled the country for about five decades.

George Dewey
Admiral of the U.S. Navy, best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. 

Theodore Roosevelt
The 26th President of the United States (1901-1909). A hero of the Spanish-American War, he served as governor of New York (1899-1900) and U.S. Vice President (1901) under William McKinley. On McKinley's assassination (September 1901), he assumed the presidency. Roosevelt's administration was marked by the regulation of trusts, the building of the Panama Canal, and a foreign policy based on the motto "Speak softly and carry a big stick." He won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation in the Russo-Japanese War.

Rough Riders
First U.S. volunteer cavalry regiment; commanded by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War.

Hawaii; Liliuokalani
She was the last Hawaiian ruler to govern the islands. January 17, 1893, pro-American forces overthrew the government and proclaimed a provisionist government in Hawaii with Sanford B. Dole as president. Liliuokalani had no choice but to surrender her throne. She made a plea to the U.S. government for reinstatement, and a representative of President Grover Cleveland found the overthrow to be illegal. Dole, however, refused to accept the decision.

Puerto Rico;Guam
Under the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish-American War, the US annexed Puerto Rico Guam, which was placed under the administration of the US Navy.

Emilio Aguinaldo
Rebel leader in the fight for Filipino independence.  Led a Filipino army against Spain the Spanish-American War.  After control of the Philippines was transferred to the US,  he established the Philippine Republic, and his troops began fighting US forces. After his capture by the US forces, he took an oath of allegiance to the US and retired.
 
Anti-Imperialist league
A league containing anti-imperialist groups; it was never strong due to differences on domestic issues. Isolationists.

Insular cases
The Supreme Court ruled that the US could annex an area, make it an "unincorporated" territory, and refuse to grant its people citizenship. Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.
 
Platt Amendment (1901)
A rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions where later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution.

John Hay
Secretary of State under presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. largest issue was when he sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

Spheres of influence
Region in which political and economic control is exerted by on European nation to the exclusion of all others. Spheres of influence appeared primarily in the East, and also in Africa.

Open Door Policy
concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, nationals of all countries should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with China after the Opium War (1839-1842).

Xenophobia
An unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers or of that, which is foreign or strange.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)
A secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing.

Big Stick Policy
Roosevelt said, "Walk softly and carry a big stick." In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen. It was his foreign policy in Latin America.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)
Signed in 1901, by the United States and the United Kingdom; closed the British ports to Americans until the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 was nullified. In return, America would be paid a sum of $75,000.The treaty was negotiated under the table by United States Secretary of State, John Hay, and the British Ambassador to the United States, Lord Pauncefote.

Panama Canal
Built to make passage between Atlantic and Pacific oceans easier and faster.

George Goethals
Army engineer who oversaw completion of Panama Canal, overcame many obstacles to finish project ahead of schedule. First governor of canal zone

Roosevelt Corollary
Alteration of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. In its altered state, the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region, along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere. In addition, the corollary proclaimed the explicit right of the United States to intervene in Latin American conflicts exercising an international police power

Santa Domingo
Grant tried to annex for $1.5 million it failed in the Senate and caused public protest

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
The U.S. mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. Japan won, but did not receive everything it conquered.  

Gentleman’s agreement
In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the immigration of its nationals to the U.S.

Great White fleet (1907-1909)
Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power; also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Algeciras Conference (1906)
Settled fist Moroccan Crisis by giving Morocco to France, eventually caused Second Moroccan Crisis and World War I

William Howard Taft
27th president. He was the only man to serve as both President of the U.S. and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Overweight he was the only president to get stuck in the white house bathtub. Roosevelt supported him in 1908, and later went against him.

Dollar diplomacy
Taft and Knox came up with it to further foreign policy in the U.S. in 1909-1913 under the Roosevelt Corollary. It was meant to avoid military intervention by giving foreign countries monetary aid.

Nicaragua
To back up its support of the new Conservative government in 1909, the U.S. sent a small detachment of Marines to Nicaragua from 1912 to 1925. The Bryan-Chamorro Treaty of 1916 (terminated in 1970) gave the U.S. an option on a canal route through Nicaragua and naval bases.

Henry Cabot Lodge
An American statesman, a Republican politician, and noted historian. Lodge maintained that membership in the world peacekeeping organization would threaten the sovereignty of the United States by binding the nation to international commitments it would not or could not keep. It should be noted that Lodge did not object to the United States interfering in other nations affairs—he was a proponent of imperialism.

Lodge Corollary
A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge and ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1912 forbidding any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind to acquire sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere so as to put that government in "practical power of control".

Woodrow Wilson
the 28th President of the United States. He proved highly successful in leading a Democratic Congress to pass major legislation including the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Trade Commission, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Underwood Tariff and the Federal Farm Loan Act. Re-elected in 1916, his second term centered on World War I. He tried to negotiate a peace in Europe but when Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare against American shipping he called on Congress to declare war. He went to Paris in 1919 to create the League of Nations and shape the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson collapsed with a debilitating stroke in 1919, as the homefront saw massive strikes and race riots, and wartime prosperity turn into postwar depression.

New Freedom
Policy of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. This policy stood in direct opposition to former President Theodore Roosevelt's ideas of New Nationalism, particularly on the issue of antitrust modification.

Moral Diplomacy
This form of diplomacy, most commonly connected to the Wilson Administration, called for America to not interfere with foreign affairs.

Jones Act (Philippines)
Enacted in 1916, sponsored by U.S. Representative William Atkinson Jones, that provided the Philippine Islands a more autonomous government to prepare the territory for independence.

Mexican Civil War
The War of the Reform fought from December 1857 to January 1861, launched by liberal and moderate revolutionists dissatisfied with the Catholic Church's stranglehold on governmental affairs. The war ended with the Liberals being victorious, and President Benito Juárez brought his administration to Mexico City. After Congress had completed its task of developing a new constitution, it called for elections for the central government as well as for the states. State legislatures established their own constitution for each state as according to the general constitution. The first Constituent Congress met, which would work under the principles of the great charter of 1857.

José Victoriano Huerta Márquez
A Mexican military officer and President of Mexico.

Tampico Incident
The Tampico Affair was a minor incident involving U.S. sailors and Mexican land forces loyal to General Victoriano Huerta during the tense period of the Mexican Revolution. The simple misunderstanding occurred on April 9, 1914 but would fully transpire into the breakdown of diplomatic relations between the two countries, and the occupation of the Mexican port city of Veracruz, for over six months.

ABC (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) powers
In reference to the diplomatic ABC Powers Conference of 1914. They met in Niagara Falls, Canada, to mediate diplomatically in order to avoid a state of war between the U.S. and Mexico over the Veracruz Incident and the Tampico Affair.

Pancho Villa
One of the foremost leaders and best known generals of the Mexican Revolution, between 1911 and 1920, and provisional governor of the Mexican state of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914

Venustiano Carranza Garza
One of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted.

Expeditionary force
U.S. military force in WWI. Helped the French defend the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive. Also, it is a generic name applied to a military force dispatched to fight in a foreign country.

John J. Pershing
An officer in the United States Army. Pershing eventually rose to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies—equivalent only to the posthumous rank of George Washington. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States army forces in Europe during World War II

Here it is, nice and early. none are missing. good luck.

Gilded Age
A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Solid South
Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election.

Roscoe Conkling
(October 30, 1829–April 18, 1888) A politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party.
 
Stalwarts
A faction of the United States Republican Party, towards the end of the nineteenth century.  in favor of Ulysses S. Grant running for a third term. They were the "traditional" Republicans who opposed Rutherford B. Hayes's civil service reform. They were pitted against the "Half-Breeds" (moderates) for control of the Republican Party.

Halfbreeds
Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party. Between stalwarts and Mugwumps were the Halfbreeds, who were less patronage-oriented than the Stalwarts, but not as reform-minded as the Mugwumps.

Mugwumps
A political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they could not in good faith support the Republican candidate, James Blaine of Maine. After the election was over, mugwump survived for more than a decade as an epithet in American politics, and the Mugwumps themselves continued many of their associations as reformers well into the 20th century.

Rutherford B. Hayes
19th President, Hayes entered office after the scandalous election of 1887. His opponent Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, but the electoral votes from four states (three of which were under military occupation) were disputed. The election was settled with the Compromise of 1877, which stated that if Hayes became president, he would pull federal troops out of the South and end Reconstruction, and at least one southerner would be on his cabinet.

James Garfield
20th President of the United States (1881) and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. he Held office from March to September of 1881, President Garfield was in office for a total of six months and fifteen days.

Chester A. Arthur
21st president, took office after the assassination of James Garfield. He was widely suspected of having conspired in Garfield’s assassination. Before entering politics, Arthur had been Collector of Customs for the Port of New York but was fired by Rutherford B. Hayes under false suspicion of bribery and corruption. Ironically, he devoted his presidency to civil service reform and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act.

Thomas Reid
American novelist who wrote numerous popular novels set in untamed settings, especially the American West. His tales, based on his adventures in America, captivated American youths, including the young Theodore Roosevelt. 

James G. Blaine
A U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State. He also ran for President of the United States, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but failed to be elected, losing to Grover Cleveland. As such, he was the only Mainer to ever receive a major-party Presidential nomination.

Grover Cleveland
The 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1885-1889 and 1893-1897). He was known as an honest, independent President opposed to corruption and the spoils system.
 
“Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion”
Summers exhaustive discussion of the campaign of 1884 that we learn that one Dr. Samuel D. Burchard, addressing a gathering of the Religious Bureau of the Republican National Committee, a week before the general election, stated, We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum, Romanism, and rebellion. We are loyal to our flag. What Burchard did, by reciting this triplet, was to saddle the Democrats with being on the wrong side of three of the most sensitive issues of the times: Prohibition - Catholicism -The Civil War
 
Pendleton Act
Classified certain jobs, removed them from the patronage ranks, and set up a Civil Service Commission to administer a system based on merit rather than political connections. As the classified list was expanded over the years, it provided the American people with a competent and permanent government bureaucracy. In 1883 fewer than 15,000 jobs were classified; by the time McKinley became president in 1897, 86,000 -- almost half of all federal employees -- were in classified positions.

Greenback Party
The Greenback party (also called the National Greenback party) was organized in 1876 to campaign for expansion of the supply of paper money—"greenbacks"—first issued by the federal government in 1862 to help pay for the Civil War. The idea that maintaining a flexible supply of paper money served the interests of working people, whereas paper money backed by specie (hard money, like gold or silver) benefited only the rich, had been advanced by Edward Kellogg as early as 1841.

James B. Weaver
He held several offices in Iowa before he adopted the cause of reform and was elected (1878) to the U.S. House of Representatives on the Greenback party ticket. In 1880 he was the unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Greenback party. Weaver continued to advocate “soft-money” views. He helped form the Farmers' Alliance—an agrarian reform movement—and when that organization became the Populist Party, Weaver ran (1892) as its presidential candidate. Although defeated, he polled more than one million popular and 22 electoral votes.

Crime of 1873
The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. U.S. set the specie standard in gold and not silver, upsetting miners who referred to it as a crime
 
Bland-Allison Act (1848)
Basic provisions under this act: 1)The U.S. Treasury would be required to purchase between $2 million and $4 million worth of silver each month from the western mines. 2) The Silver was to be purchased at the current market rate, not at a predetermined ratio tied to the value of gold. 3) The silver would be used to mint coins at a ratio of 16:1 to gold, i.e. 16-ounces of silver would be equal to 1-ounce of gold, regardless of the
individual metal's respective market value. 4) The metal would be minted into legal tender silver dollars.
 
Benjamin Harrison
23rd pres.; republican; best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached a billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in 1890 and defeated Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. 

Billion-Dollar Congress
51st congress; held by Harrison; responsible for passing the Land Revision Act of 1891, which created the national forests. Harrison authorized America's first forest reserve in Yellowstone, Wyoming, the same year; its lavish spending and, for this reason, it incited drastic reversals in public support that led to Cleveland's reelection in 1892. Other important legislation passed into law by the Congress included the McKinley tariff, authored by Representative (and future President) William McKinley; the Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibited business combinations that restricted trade; and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which required the U.S. government to mint silver.

Veterans' pensions
When a claimant was denied a pension through the regular procedure, an appeal could be made to a friendly Congressman, who would often introduce a special bill for the veteran. Congress approved thousands of such bills – many of them blatantly fraudulent. Cleveland, unlike his predecessors, subjected these bills to close inspection and vetoed hundreds of them. This grate nailed on the federal trough enraged the G.A.R. (Grand Army of the Republic) and many in Congress. 

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
Required that the US buy nearly twice as much silver as before the act was passed. Added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation. Threatened to undermine the Treasury's Gold reserves.

Populist (People’s) Party
Offically named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote a platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. The part was split between South and West.

Omaha Platform
Populist Party platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.

Panic of 1893
Considered extreme depression; profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike.

Gold drain
The national gold reserve was steadily declining due to the cost of the Billion Dollar Congress and The Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which caused many citizens to redeem their paper money in gold.

Coxey’s Army
A march led by “General” Jacob Coxey, a wealthy quarry owner from Ohio. Starting Easter Sunday 1984, Coxey, accompanied by his wife and infant son, Legal Tender Coxey, led 500 unemployed men, women, and children from OH to Washington. Supported a public works program of road building.
 
William Harvey, Coin’s Financial School
Vigorous advocate of bimetallism at the time the argument over coinage of silver was at its height. His Coin's Financial School (1894) attempted to explain the money question in simple terms. Harvey's sturdy pamphleteering had great influence on the Populist party, and his demand for free coinage of silver was given full expression when William Jennings Bryan ran for President in 1896.

William Jennings Bryan; “Cross of Gold”
An American lawyer, statesman, and politician. He was a three-time Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States noted for his deep, commanding voice. Cross of Gold speech was a speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated bimetallism. At the time, the Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the value of the United States dollar to a gold standard. The inflation that would result from the silver standard would make it easier for farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts by increasing their revenue dollars. It would also reverse the deflation which the U.S. experienced from 1873-1896.

Free silver
After the discovery of silver, several disparate factions in American politics began to agitate for the feds to allow it to be minted freely at the rate of $1 per troy ounce. As the gold standard in effect at the time valued gold at the official price of $20 per troy ounce, the result of this policy would have been a considerable increase in the money supply and resultant inflation.

"Gold Bug" Democrats
The popular name given to Democrats who split with their party over the silver issue in 1896 and supported the gold standard as the basis of U.S. monetary policy. The Gold Bugs, or Gold Democrats, called themselves the National Democratic party, held their own convention, and nominated their own presidential candidate in 1896, John M. Palmer, a 79-year-old Kentuckian. In their platform, the Gold Democrats criticized William Jennings Bryan and the regular Democrats as being reckless radicals. "They advocate a reckless attempt to increase the price of silver by legislation to the debasement of our monetary standard, and threaten unlimited issues of paper money by Government."

William McKinley
The 25th President. For high tariffs on imports. Defended the Gold Standard against Free Silver. Introduced new advertising-style campaign techniques that revolutionized campaign practices. As president, he fought the Spanish-American War; he annexed the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Hawaii.

Mark Hanna
An industrialist and Republican politician from Ohio. The campaign manager of McKinley in the 1896, in what is considered the forerunner of the modern political campaign, and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

Dingley Tariff
Passed in 1897, the highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson - Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne - Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

This shit sucks. over half of them are missing. sorry folks. well wikipedia works. or just go steal them from the other classes.

missing: henry george; johns hopkins u; oliver wendell holmes; lester ward; clarence darrow; stephen crane; jack london; theodore drieser; winslow homer; thomas eakins; james mcniel; whistler; mary cassatt; ashcan school; armory show 1913; henry hobson richardson; louis sullivan; chicago school; daniel burnham; john phillip souza; jelly roll morton; buddy bolden; jazz; scott joplin; j. pullitzer; w. randolph; hearst; pt barnum; buffalo bill/annie oaley; melting pot; cultural diversity

Frederic Law Olmsted
A United States landscape architect, famous for designing many well-known urban parks, including Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City, the country's oldest coordinated system of public parks and parkways in Buffalo, New York, the Niagara Reservation in Niagara Falls, and the landscape surrounding the United States Capitol building.

Political machine
Political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, and behind-the-scenes control; most have a boss; comprised of dedicated workers who depend on the patronage from government contracts and jobs. 

Party Boss
A leader in a political party who does favors for urban residents in return for their votes; controls votes and dictates appointments; associated with corruption and organized crime; do not necessarily hold public office. 

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward
Envisioned a utopian socialist society where the government owned the means of production and distributed wealth equally among all citizens.  Competition was irrelevant.  The book inspired the creation of hundreds of Bellamy discussion clubs. 
 
Settlement house
Started in London. Victorian England, increasingly concerned with urban poverty, gave rise to a movement whereby those connected to universities settled students in slum areas to live and work alongside local people. Through their efforts settlement houses were established for education, savings, sports, and arts. These moved to America through the development of houses including the Hull House.

Jane Addams
Began the first settlement house in the Midwest that came to be known as Hull House. She believed that urban problems resulted not from individual failures, but from unhealthy environment and that only the government could provide the services and the regulation that were necessary for future progress.

Social Gospel movement
Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applies Christian principles to social problems, especially poverty, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, poor schools, and the danger of war.
 
Dwight Moody
Evangelist who preached social gospel; Founded Moody Church, Moody bible institute, and Moody Press; President of Chicago YMCA

Walter Rauschenbusch
New York clergyman who preached social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty and make peace b/w employers and labor unions

Salvation Army
Established in 1865 by Methodist minister William Booth and wife Catherine to bring salvation to the poor through food, etc

Mary Baker Eddy
Founded Church of Christian Scientists and set forth basic doctrine of Christian Science

National Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Merger of National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association; led by Stanton, Stone, and Susan B. Anthony. Strategy was to push for ratification of enough state suffrage amendments to force Congress to approve federal amendment

Frances E. Willard
A young lecturer and educator who joined in the temperance movement and became famous for building the Women's Christian Temperance Union. She later became president of the union. Known for stressing religion and morality in her work.

Antisaloon League
U.S. organization working for prohibition of the sale of alcoholic liquors. Founded in 1893 as the Ohio Anti-Saloon League at Oberlin, Ohio, by representatives of temperance societies and evangelical Protestant churches, it came to wield great political influence.

Carry A. Nation
A vehement foe of alcoholic beverages, Carry A. Nation would appear at a saloon, berate the customers and proceed to damage as much as she could with her hatchet. She was the scourge of tavern owners and drinkers in Kansas, as well as other states.

Anthony Comstock
A former United States Postal Inspector and politician dedicated to ideas of Victorian morality. In 1873 Comstock created the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, an institution dedicated to supervising the morality of the public. Later that year, Comstock successfully influenced the United States Congress to pass the Comstock Law, which made illegal the delivery or transportation of both "obscene, lewd, or lascivious" material as well as any methods of, or information pertaining to, birth control.

Charles William Eliot
Selected as Harvard's president in 1869. He transformed the provincial college into the preeminent American research university. Eliot served the longest term as president in the university's history.  

here you go. study. none are missing.

Cornelius Vanderbilt
American railroad magnate who opened a shipping line from the East coast to California and later one between Chicago and NYC

New York Central Railroad
Railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. Headquartered in New York, the railroad served most of the Northeast, including extensive trackage in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Massachusetts and much of New England and in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Québec. NYC's Grand Central Terminal in New York City is one of its best known extant landmarks.

Trunk Line
A direct line between two telephone switchboards, or the main line of a communications or transportation system.

Federal Land Grants
The first major railroad land grants came about with the 1862 legislation that enabled the transcontinental railroad. At that time, the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads were granted 400-foot right-of-ways plus ten square miles of land for every mile of track built.

Transcontinental Railroads
The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast. Ceremonially completed in 1869, it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West, catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system.

Union and Central Pacific
Chartered by Congress to build part of the nation's first transcontinental railroad line. Under terms of the Pacific Railroads Act, the Union Pacific was authorized to build a line westward from Omaha, Nebr., to the California-Nevada line, where it was to connect with the Central Pacific RR—which was to be built simultaneously from Sacramento, Calif. In 1864, Congress doubled the land grant, considerably eased the terms of government loans, and allowed the two railroad companies to borrow private capital. Also in 1864 and again in 1866 the Central Pacific was authorized to build eastward beyond the Nevada line.

Jay Gould
American financier and speculator who with James Fisk and Daniel Drew wrested control of the Erie Railroad from Cornelius Vanderbilt (1867–1868). With Fisk, he caused the financial panic of September 24, 1869, with an attempt to corner the gold market.

Watered stock
A method employed in order to increase the weight of cows before sale. It entailed forcing a cow to bloat itself with water before it was weighed for sale – an asset with an artificially-inflated value

Pools
Grouping together of assets, samples, equipment etc. for the purposes of maximizing advantage to the users.

Rebates
Developed in the 1880s, a practice by which railroads would give money back to its favored customers, rather than charging them lower prices, so that it could appear to be charging a flat rate for everyone.

Panic of 1893
A serious decline in the economy caused by widespread redemption of silver notes for gold until the minimum amount of gold in the federal reserves was reached. Next, several major railroad and stock companies went bankrupt. Thousands of banks and companies failed, mainly in the West, and the price of silver fell. About 12%-18% of the workforce was unemployed.

J. Peirpont Morgan
A financier and banker who arranged the merger of several industrial corporations to form General Electric and the United States Steel Corporation. He controlled over 100 corporations and was worth more than $22 billion in assets.

William Vanderbilt
Invested heavily in railroads until his family controlled an expansive railroad empire throughout the North. He donated his riches to numerous philanthropic causes, including Vanderbilt University.

Second Industrial Revolution
(1871–1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Bessemer Process
The first inexpensive process for the mass-production of steel. Henry Bessemer patented the technique and initiated its use on an industrial scale.

Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-born industrialist who made a fortune in steel and believed the rich had a duty to act for the public benefit.

Vertical Integration
The integration within one company of individual businesses working separately in related phases of the production and sale of a product; a stepping stone towards assembly lines in America

Horizontal Integration
Horizontal integration is a theory of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell one type of product in numerous markets. To get this market coverage, several small subsidiary companies are created. Each markets the product to a different market segment or to a different geographical area

U.S. Steel
Prized for strength and durability when compared to iron; created through the Bessemer or open hearth processes after the Civil War and sparking industrial expansion; the US became the number one manufacturer of steel in the world by 1910; source of Carnegie’s wealth

John D. Rockefeller
Young merchant from Cleveland; used horizontal integration to build Standard Oil Co; invested in oil during Civil War and drove out competition by keeping wages low, paying attention to detail, and negotiating secret deals with railroads; formed South Improvement Co and negotiated massive rebates w/railroads

Standard Oil Trust
By 1900 it controlled so many other interests that it fell afoul of anti-trust laws. In 1911 the U.S. Supreme Court called Standard Oil a monopoly and forced the Trust to separate into competing companies

Antitrust movement
Trusts had emerged as sensible ways of rationalizing economic life. Basic industries needed dependable supplies, means of transportation, markets, and banking connections. Competing local, state, and federal jurisdictions interfered with efficient business practice without providing firm legal guidelines specifying which practices were illegal, unethical, or merely inevitable

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade.

United States v. E.C. Knight
EC Knight held monopoly in sugar refining; gov sued company saying it violated Sherman Antitrust Act; E.C. Knight won. The Supreme Court ruled that since the Knight Company's monopoly over the production of sugar had no direct effect on commerce, the company couldn't be controlled by the government. It also ruled that mining and manufacturing weren't affected by interstate commerce laws and were beyond the regulatory power of Congress.

Social Darwinism
An attempt to adapt Charles Darwin natural selection principles to human society, thus producing a culture that embraces the "survival of the fittest." This is based on a misunderstanding of Darwin's theories. Natural selection, when applied to a society, also includes such factors as organizational ability, talent to inspire others, creativity, perseverance, mental flexibility, etc., in addition to physical fitness.

Herbert Spencer
British, developed system of philosophy based on theory of evolution, believed in primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking; sought to develop system where all human endeavors could be explained rationally and scientifically

Survival of the fittest
Survival of the fittest is a phrase which is a shorthand for a concept relating to competition for survival or predominance. Originally applied to economics by Herbert Spencer, Spencer drew parallels with Charles Darwin's theories of evolution by what Darwin termed natural selection. The phrase is essentially a metaphor and is often felt to be unhelpful - biologists almost exclusively use natural selection in preference.

Sears, Roebuck; Montgomery Ward
Sears and Roebuck created the mass consumer market store and mail order catalog Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1886. Their main competitor, Montgomery Ward, had originated the sale of farming products through mail order in 1872, but was surpassed by Sears in 1900.

Concentration of wealth
Wealth being concentrated by few elite, magnified by new industries

Horatio Alger
“Rags to riches” books for boys, based on the theme that honesty, hard work and virtues will always win out and be rewarded

Upward mobility
Tendency or drive to rise from lower to higher economic/social class

White-collar workers
Workers engaged in non-manual labor; contrasted w/ blue-collar (manual)


Middle class
Class of people between very wealthy and unskilled laborers and the unemployed people

David Ricardo; iron law of wages
Leading British economist; established field of classical economics; stresses importance of free trade and competition for economic growth; argument that wages "naturally" tend towards minimum level corresponding to subsistence needs of workers

Scab; lockout; blacklist; yellow-dog contract; injunction
Scab-worker who refuses membership in labor union; employee who works while others strike; person hired to replace striking worker. Lockout- withholding of employment; used by employers to hinder union organization; literally locking employees out of workplace. Black list- list of persons or organizations that have incurred disapproval or suspicion or are to be boycotted or otherwise penalized. Yellow dog contract- agreement b/w employer and employee where employee agrees not to join union; prohibited by federal law. Injunction- A court order prohibiting a party from a specific course of action

Railroad strike of 1877
Began on July 17 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, after the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad had cut wages for the second time in a year. Protesting workers refused to let any trains move until the pay cut was restored. Militia units were sent in by the governor to restore train service, but when the soldiers refused to use force against the strikers, the governor called for federal troops, the first time such troops had been used for strikebreaking since the 1830s.

National Labor Union
On August 20, 1866, the National Labor Union, made up of skilled and unskilled workers, farmers, and reformers, called on Congress to order an eight-hour workday. the NLU created to pressure Congress to make labor law reforms.

Knights of Labor
An American labor union originally established as a secret fraternal order and noted as the first union of all workers. It was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens and a number of fellow workers. Powderly was elected head of the Knights of Labor in 1883.

Terence V. Powderly
American labor leader Terence Vincent Powderly (1849-1924) presided over the Knights of Labor during the union's remarkable growth and rapid decline in the 1880s.

Haymarket bombing (1886)
On May 1, 1886 (on May Day), labor unions organized a strike for an eight-hour work day in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Working conditions in the city were miserable, with most workers working 6 days a week, twelve hours a day, under dangerous conditions. On May 3, workers who were striking for an eight hour day were meeting near the McCormick plant. The police attacked the strikers without any warning whatsoever, killing six and mauling several others.

American Federation of Labor
The most famous of the labor unions that grew in the Gilded Age to fight for better pay and conditions for factory workers. The AF of L was formed in 1881 by Samuel Gompers, a poor Jewish immigrant who rose to become president of a cigar maker's union in New York City. The AF of L was actually a federation (association) of many labor unions, and as such, represents a trend toward "bigness" similar to what was happening in industry. It included only skilled workers, not unskilled workers.

Samuel Gompers
An America labor and political leader. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and held the position as president of the organization for all but one year from 1886 until his death in 1924 

hey guys, sorry i got this on so late. i fell asleep cuz i was kinda tired. and this took a while to edit and stuff. and i couldn't exactl determine the cutoff for chapter 17, and i thought, "well mrs. moran isn't wacko enough to give us 100 words for one chapter." but then again, she is liberal. so you never know. haha only kidding. last year's seniors' words stopped at ocala platform, so i think it's safe to assume that's where this chapter's vocab ends?

Missing: "mining, farming, fur trade, urban frontiers"; vaqueros; colored farmers national alliance; civil rights cases 1883; farmer's alliance

Great American Desert
The "Great American Desert" was the term applied to the land west of the Missouri River and east of the Rocky Mountains. The landscape had no trees, little rainfall and tough prairie sod. This land seemed like a desert to the many who past through this unexplored area on their way to the Pacific Coast and that is how it came to be known.

Comstock Lode
The Comstock Lode is the richest known U.S. deposit of silver ore discovered under what is now Virginia City, Nevada on the eastern slope of Mt. Davidson, a peak in the Virginia range.

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
A WHITE RACIST SUPREMICIST ACT AGAINST ASIANS. The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following 1880 revisions to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration.

Cattle Drives
Cattle drives started in the late 1800s in the United States. Cowboys would lead herds of cattle north. There up north of the USA people would care for the cattle until they were nice and fat. Then again they would send the cattle further up north. There people would kill and eat the cattle.

Turner Frontier Thesis
Conclusion of Frederick Jackson Turner that the wellsprings of American exceptionalism and vitality have always been the American frontier, the region between urbanized, civilized society and the untamed wilderness. In the thesis, the frontier created freedom, "breaking the bonds of custom, offering new experiences, [and] calling out new institutions and activities." Turner first announced his thesis in a paper entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History,"
 
Indian Wars
Ranged from colonial times to the Wounded Knee massacre and "closing" of the American frontier in 1890, generally resulted in the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations

Sitting Bull
Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man who has become notable in the history of Native Americans and the USA, primarily because he was one of the few members of his race to be part of a major victory against the American army when his premonition of defeating them at the battle of Little Big Horn became reality.

Crazy Horse
Respected member of the Oglala Sioux Native American tribe. Noted for his courage in battle, he was recognized among his own people as a great leader committed to preserving the traditions and values of the Lakota way of life and for leading his people into a war against the takeover of their lands by the Federal government of the United States.

George Custer
Military officer who rose to the rank of colonel and commander of the U.S. Army’s 7th Cavalry; most famous for his mortal defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876

Little Bighorn
River in Montana where 1876 Custer attacked a large Indian encampment; Custer and most of his force died in battle

Chief Joseph
For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker. Nez Perce leader who led a military retreat after some war leaders had killed some whites, they eventually surrendered and were forced to move to a reservation in Idaho where many people died of diseases; famous speech of surrender—“I am tired of fighting….”

Helen Hunt Jackson; A Century of Dishonor
Published 1881; exposed American duplicity and corruption in dealing with the Indians

Assimilationists
Intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants, or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community

Dawes Severalty Act 1887
Allotted lands to various Indian tribes and extended protection through federal laws over the Indians. It was designed to encourage the breakup of the tribes and promote the assimilation of Indians into American Society. Dawes' goal was to create independent farmers out of Indians -- give them land and the tools for citizenship.

Ghost Dance Movement (1890)
A religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems begun by prophet of peace Jack Wilson. He prophesized a nonviolent end to American expansion while preaching messages of social reform and cross-cultural cooperation.
 
Wounded Knee
Site of a conflict in 1890 in South Dakota between a band of Lakotas and U.S. troops, sometimes characterized as a massacre because the Lakotas were so outnumbered and overpowered; the last major encounter between Indians and the army. 

Indian Reorganization Act 1934
Act which secured certain rights to Native Americans. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. Owing to this Act and to other actions of federal courts and the government, over two million acres of land were returned to various tribes in the first 20 years after passage of the act.

New South
An attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on the slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy. Henry Grady made this term popular in his articles as editor of the Atlanta Constitution. 

Crop Lien System
(sharecropping) provided the necessities for Black farmers. Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result for Blacks was not unlike slavery.

George Washington Carver
American botanist, agricultural chemist, and educator who developed hundreds of uses for the peanut, soybean, and sweet potato, prompting Southern farmers to produce these soil-enriching cash crops

Tuskeegee Institute
Founded by African American educator Booker T. Washington in 1881 as a vocational school for blacks. As the school's principal, Washington had three main goals: (1) the development of occupational skills; (2) teacher training; and (3) the personal refinement of his students. He stressed practical experience as the basis of education. Washington believed that learning trades and using them to prosper economically would help African Americans gain civil and political rights.

Farmers’ Colored Alliance of Southern Farmers
Rising Populist Party organized in Texas in 1886 as a response to the white men’s formation of the Farmer’s alliance and included both blacks and farmers; they responded to the nation’s low prices, growing debt and spiraling interest rates.

Segregation Laws
Laws prohibited blacks and whites from sharing day-to-day; Supreme Court said discriminations by individuals and businesses were legal; Plessy v. Ferguson made segregation part of fabric of America

Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court Case, where a Louisiana law that required railroads to provide “equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races.” The court ruled that the 14th amendment applied only to political rights and did not extend to “social equality.”

Jim Crow Laws
Restrictions that started with “separate but equal” railcars; named after minstrel song; extended to nearly all public areas; blacks and whites used separate bathrooms and buried in separate cemeteries
 
Grandfather Clause
Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks.
 
Poll tax, literary tests
Common obstacle implemented by Southern government to discourage black voters; Common obstacle implemented by Southern government to discourage black voters
 
Henry Turner
A black Baptist minister, who stressed that freedom meant the enjoyment of “our rights in common with other men.”

Ida B. Wells
One of the most famous black activists, who began a massive anti-lynching campaign in 1892 after white vandals destroyed the office of her Memphis paper, Free Speech. She founded black women’s clubs, such as the Women’s Loyal Union in New York, and taught racial improvement and self-help.

Booker T. Washington
Former slave who graduated from Hampton Institute; in 1881 Washington established an industrial and agricultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama, which he built into the largest and best known school of the nation

National Negro Business League
Organized by Washington; established 320 chapters across the country to support businesses owned and operated by African Americans. Created as an effort to inspire the "commercial, agricultural, educational, and industrial advancement" of African Americans.

Munn v. Illinois
(1877) The Supreme Court ruled that an Illinois law that put a ceiling on warehousing rates for grain was a constitutional exercise of the state's power to regulate business. It said that the Interstate Commerce Commission could regulate prices.

Wabash v. Illinois
(1886) Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Interstate Commerce Act
The United States Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, signed into law by President Grover Cleveland, created the Interstate Commerce Commission. The members of the commission were appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. This was the first of the so-called Fourth Branch agencies. Its aim was to regulate surface transportation (initially railroads, later trucking), to ensure fair prices and regulate other aspects of the conduct of common carriers

National Alliance
The deepening crisis in farm prices in the 1880s resulted in the blending of a host of organizations into the National Alliance Movement.  The movement had distinct branches in the South and Midwest.

Ocala Platform
Demanded, among other things, the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, the establishment of sub treasuries where farmers could obtain money at less than 2 percent on nonperishable products, and the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people. 

Sorry I posted these up late, guys. Been busy and all! Good luck studying.
Missing: nothing!

Presidential Reconstruction
In December 1863 Lincoln introduced the first Reconstruction scheme, the Ten Percent Plan, thus beginning the period known as Presidential Reconstruction. The plan decreed that when one-tenth of a state's prewar voters had taken an oath of loyalty to the U.S. Constitution, its citizens could elect a new state government and apply for readmission to the Union. In addition, Lincoln promised to pardon all but a few high-ranking Confederates if they would take this oath and accept abolition. The plan also required that states amend their constitutions to abolish slavery. Conspicuous in this plan was the stipulation that only whites could vote or hold office.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)
Lincoln issued this proclamation which provided a means of repatriating "those who resume their allegiance" even though the war was still in progress. To those who took an oath of loyalty, he was prepared to issue a full pardon, with some notable exceptions. Those exceptions he specifically listed in the proclamation so there would be no misunderstanding. He also provided guidelines for the systematic reestablishment of loyal state governments.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Freedmen’s Bureau
Acted as a kind of early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war-both blacks (mainly freed slaves) and homeless whites; success in education-General Oliver O. Howard-taught an estimated 200,000 African Americans to read; funding stopped in 1870.

Black Codes
Restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans; 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land; 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as “vagrants” and “apprentices” to sign work contracts’ 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court.

Congressional Reconstruction
The return of 11 ex-Confederates to high offices and the passage of the Black Codes by southern legislatures angered the Republicans in Congress so that they adopted a plan that was harsher on southern whites and more protective of freed blacks.

Radical Republicans
An influential faction of American politicians in the Republican party during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, 1860-1876. They took a hard line against the Confederacy during the war and opposed Lincoln's "too easy" terms for reuniting the nation. By 1866 they supported federal civil rights for freedmen, and by 1867 set terms that allowed free slaves the right to vote in the South but not ex-Confederates.

Charles Sumner
American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer but a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction

Thaddeus Stephens
A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

Benjamin Wade
Along with Zachariah Chandler acted as vanguards in defending the Charters of Freedom, The U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence from corruption by the slavery power, without compromising.

Civil Rights Act of 1866
Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.
Fourteenth Amendment
Prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without adequate due process.

Reconstruction Acts (1867)
Four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts following the Civil War. They created five military districts in the seceded states; each district was headed by a military official empowered to appoint state officials; voters (whites and freed blacks) were to be registered; states were to draft new constitutions providing for black male suffrage; states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Civil Rights Act of 1875
Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

"Scalawags"
Democrats nickname for a group of white southerners who resented the planter elite and believed that Republican policies would favor them over the wealthy landowners.

Carpetbaggers
Northerners (Yankees) who moved to the South during Reconstruction between 1865 and 1877. They formed a coalition with Freedmen (freed slaves), and Scalawags (Southern whites) in the Republican Party, which in turn controlled ex-Confederate states for varying periods, 1867-1877.

Blanche K. Bruce
An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. 

Tenure of Office Act (1867)
Denied the president the power to remove from office anyone appointed by the Senate. President Andrew Johnson attempted to remove Edwin Stanton but the Senate did not ratify the act. Johnson attempted to appoint a new Secretary of War anyway, leading to his impeachment (the first presidential impeachment ever). He avoided removal from office by a single vote.

Patronage
The practice by holders of political office of appointing their followers or fellow party members to positions. Very important during the Gilded Age, (Post Civil War Era) due to bipartisan agreement on national issues and political decadence, it resulted in Congress passing the Pendleton Act in 1883, which set up the Civil Service Commission. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would have to pass an examination.

Jay Gould
Stock manipulator and brother-in-law of President Grant; made money selling gold

Credit Mother
Insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making

William (Boss) Tweed; Tweed Ring
New York politician and cronies, respectively, who, through fraudulent billing and embezzlement, defrauded the city of New York out of between 25 and 200 million dollars.

Thomas Nast
A political cartoonist, considered the father of political cartooning, who's cartoons were instrumental in toppling Boss Tweed. He was also known for his Anti-Catholic, especially anti-Irish Catholic, beliefs, which were often apparent in his cartoons.

Horace Greeley
Editor of the New York Tribune; presidential nominee for the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats for the 1872 election; lost to Grant and died a few weeks after his defeat.

Greenbacks
The United States Dollars that were circulated durring the Civil War. Known for having a "Green Back." Much debate went on over them. Over inflation was partially responsible for the Panic of 1873.

Redeemers
Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Ku Klux Klan
A secret society organized in the South to reassert white supremecy by means of terrorism. Created in fear of black overthrow and issurection. Wore long white flowing sheets and believed that they possesed the spirits of the confederate dead.

Amnesty Act of 1872
The Amnesty Act of 1872 removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most whites who rebelled in the United States Civil War, except for very high positions.

Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Samuel J. Tilden
Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 - August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the US presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century.

Compromise of 1877
Compromise made necessary by the disputed Election of 1876. While an Electoral Commission awarded the election to Rutherford B. Hayes, Southern Democrats planned to block the Commission's report via filibuster. The compromise resolved the constitutional crisis through a series of secret negotiations involving Republican and Democratic politicians, and various interest groups, most notably the railroad companies.

Sorry it's up so late folks. i was quite busy yesterday as most of you know. ughhhh i hate school!!!
Missing: 14th amendment. i know, it's one term but i'm really too tired to look it up. use wikipedia, people.

Fort Sumter
located in Charleston, South Carolina, harbor, was named after General Thomas Sumter. However, the fort is best known as the site where the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter

habeas corpus
the name of a legal instrument or writ by means of which detainees can seek relief from unlawful imprisonment. Habeas corpus was suspended on April 27, 1861, during the American Civil War by President Lincoln in Maryland and parts of midwestern states, including southern Indiana. He did so in response to riots; local militia actions; and the threat that the border slave state of Maryland would secede from the Union, leaving the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., surrounded by hostile territory. border states States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Jefferson Davis
The first and only President of the Confederate States of America, Davis was a strong States Rights advocate who insisted on independence even in the face of imminent defeat.

Alexander H. Stevens
Vice President of the CSA, was a strong advocate of White Supremacy who was against secession but for the right of the states to secede.

Bull Run
On July 21, 1861, Irvin McDowell met General Joseph E. Johnston’s Confederate force here, 25 miles southwest of Washington. The North gained the offensive, but holding the hill at the center of the Southern line was General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, whose troops stood firm long enough for Confederate reinforcements to arrive.

Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson
Confederate General, whose troops stood firm long enough for Confederate reinforcements to arrive at the Battle of Bull Run.

Winfield Scott
General-in-chief of the Union army. Lincoln ordered him “to adopt the most prompt and efficient means to counteract secession, even, if necessary, to the bombardment of their cities.”

Anaconda Plan
Proposed in 1861 by Union General Winfield Scott to win the American Civil War with minimal loss of life, enveloping the Confederacy by blockade at sea and control of the Mississippi River.

George McClellan
After serving under General Scott in the Mexican war, general McClellan returned to the military to become an important leader under Lincoln in the Civil War. U.S. general who replaced Winfield Scott as general in chief of Union forces; a skillful organizer but slow and indecisive as a field commander.

Robert E. Lee
US military leader, Confederate commander in the American Civil War, and military strategist. Lee distinguished himself in the Mexican War 1846-48.In 1859 he suppressed John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry.

Antietam
Sharspburg, MD 1862; McClellen v. Lee; Union forces attacked at dawn, leaving 25,000 casualties and 5,000 dead; single bloodiest day in U.S. military history. Union claimed victory because Lee's invasion stopped. Lincoln wanted Union forces to chase Lee & destroy the army, but McClellan did not so the confederates went back south, defeated but intact. first major battle on Northern soil; bloodiest single-day battle in American history

Fredericksburg
Where General Bunside’s force of 120,000 made a reckless frontal assault on Lee’s well-fortified position in the hills. The Rebels beat back 14 assaults and over 9,000 Union soldiers died before Burnside decided the hills couldn’t be taken. The defeat of was devastating and caused Lincoln to replace Burnside with General Hooker.

Monitor and Merrimac
The Battle of Hampton Roads, often called "the Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac", was a naval battle of the American Civil War, famous for being the first fight between two powered iron-covered warships, or "ironclads", the CSS Virginia (rebuilt from burned-out hull of USS Merrimac) and the USS Monitor. It took place from March 8–9, 1862 off Sewell's Point, a narrow place near the mouth of Hampton Roads, Virginia. the Merrimac was Confederate, the Monitor the Union

Ulysses S. Grant
Commander of the Union Army in the Civil War, 18th president of the United States; led the Union to victory at the battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg; General Robert E. Lee surrendered to him at Appomattox Court House in 1865

Trent Affair
Also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair, was the diplomatic crisis that potentially brought Great Britain and the United States closest to war during the first year of the American Civil War. Although war seemed possible, both sides managed to avoid an armed conflict, and in the process gained greater confidence in one another.

Confiscation Acts
Authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and it stated that all slaves of Confederates were to be freed in areas occupied by the Union Army.

Emancipation Proclamation
Signed on Jan.1, 1862, freeing the 3 million slaves in the rebellious states; excluded the border states' slaves and authorized the enrollment of black troops in the Union army.

Thirteenth Amendment
Amendment outlawing slavery except as punishment for a crime.

Gettysburg
Site of the Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest battle o the Civil War which ended General Robert E. Lee's Northern invasion and served as the turning point for the war.

Sherman’s March
On November 12, 1864, Sherman marched out of Atlanta toward the Atlantic coast. Tracing a line of march between Macon and Augusta, he carved a sixty-mile wide swath of destruction in the Confederacy's heartland. The only forces the Confederacy could bring to oppose him was Wheeler's cavalry and a motley collection of militia and over and under-aged reserves of perhaps 14,000 troops; certainly no match for the 62,000 Union veterans Sherman had kept with him upon leaving Atlanta.

Copperheads
The nickname for Northerners, usually Democratic Party members, who opposed fighting the South. They generally felt the South had a right to secede, and that the war was a waste of lives. They favored a negotiated settlement. Named after the poisonous snake, most opposed President Abraham Lincoln's reelection in 1864, and supported the Democratic Party nominee, Gen. George McClellan.

John Wilkes Booth
An American actor who is most famous for assassinating Abraham Lincoln. A professional and extremely popular stage actor of his day, Booth was a Confederate sympathizer who was dissatisfied by the outcome of the American Civil War.

Ex Parte Milligan
The Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus and the use of military tribunals were only lawful in states in which civil courts had been closed, although military courts could only hold, not try or execute, citizens. 

Greenbacks
Officially, United States Notes, first issued by the US Treasury in 1862 as legal tender fiduciary paper money to help finance the Civil War (1861-1865). Their value in gold at one time (1864) was below 40 cents. In 1879, they became redeemable in gold. However, when the United States went off the gold standard in 1933, the greenbacks again became irredeemable. The highest amount outstanding was $450,000,000.

Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
A protectionist tariff bill passed by U.S. Congress, named after its sponsor, Rep. Justin Morrill of Vermont. Replaced Tariff of 1857 and the immediate effect of the Morrill Tariff was to more than double the tax collected on most dutiable items entering the United States.

Homestead Act (1862)
A United States federal law that gave one quarter of a section of a township (160 acres, or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped land in the American West to any family head or person who was at least 21 years of age, provided he lived on it for five years and built a house of a minimum of 12 by 14 feet, or allowed the family head to buy it for $1.25 per acre ($308.88/km²) after six months. To avoid penalizing men who were serving in the army, the length of military service was deducted from the required five year residence period for veterans.

Pacific Railway Act (1862)
Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which designated the 32nd parallel as the initial transcontinental route and gave huge grants of lands for rights-of-way. The act was an effort to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean and to secure the use of that line to the government. 

Sorry i posted this so late. spread the word if people are looking for it.

The Bill of Rights

1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
2. Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia.
3. No quartering of soldiers.
4. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.
5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy.
6. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial.
7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases.
8. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments.
9. Other rights of the people.
10. Powers reserved to the states. 

Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

Amendment II
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. 

Amendment III
No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
 
Amendment IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Amendment V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 

Amendment VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 

Amendment VII
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

Amendment VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

Amendment IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Amendment X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. 

Sorry for the late post guys. I was hoping that there was gonna be no test tomorrow... oh well one can only hope. No vocabulary missing. have fun studying.

Free-soil movement and party soil party
1847-1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

“Barn Burners”
The Barnburners were a liberal faction of the New York state Democratic Party in the mid 19th century. The term barnburner was derived from the idea of someone who would burn down his own barn to get rid of a rat infestation. The Barnburners opposed the extension of slavery, expanding public debt, and the power of the large corporations. They were led by Martin Van Buren, and in the 1848 presidential election they bolted from the party, refusing to support presidential nominee Lewis Cass, and instead joining with other anti-slavery groups, predominantly the Liberty Party (United States), to form the Free Soil Party, which would nominate Van Buren for president.

Popular Sovereignty
The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery. 

Lewis Class
In 1848 the noted senator was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for president. He then served as Buchanan's secretary of state from 1857-1860 but resigned in protest against the president's decision not to reinforce the Charleston forts. He was a strong supporter of the Union and lived long enough to see the outcome of the Civil War. He died on June 17, 1866.

Compromise of 1850
(Also the Pearce Act) A series of Congressional legislative actions to regulate the spread of slavery in the territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846–48). In five laws balancing the interests of the slaveholding states of the American South and the free states, California was admitted as a free state, Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands east of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico, the United States territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and Utah) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery, the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was abolished in Washington, D.C., and the stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves.

Stephen A. Douglas
Democrat; campaigned against Lincoln for reelection as senator from Illinois; believed in the Freeport Doctrine which addresses his stance on popular sovereignty. It stated that slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass and enforce laws for maintaining it. Douglas ended up winning against Lincoln.

Millard Fillmore
The thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He succeeded from the Vice Presidency on the death of President Zachary Taylor, who died of acute gastroenteritis, becoming the second U.S. President to assume the office in this manner. Fillmore was never elected President in his own right; after serving out Taylor's term he was not nominated for the Presidency by the Whigs in the 1852 Presidential election, and in 1856 he again failed to win election as President as the Know Nothing Party candidate. He signed the Compromise Measure of 1850, which included the Fugitive Slave Act. He also authorized Matthew C. Perry's trip to Japan, which helped open trade with Japan.

Fugitive Slave Law
Statutes passed by the United States Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another or into a public territory. The demand from the South for more effective Federal legislation was voiced in the second fugitive slave law, drafted by Senator J. M. Mason of Virginia, and enacted on September 18, 1850 as a part of the Compromise of 1850. Special commissioners were to have concurrent jurisdiction with the U.S. circuit and district courts and the inferior courts of Territories in enforcing the law; fugitives could not testify in their own behalf; no trial by jury was provided. 

Harriet Tubman
Called "Moses" by those she helped escape on the Underground Railroad, Tubman made many trips to Maryland to help other slaves escape. According to her estimates and those of her close associates, Tubman personally guided about 300 slaves to freedom in about 19 expeditions, and gave instructions to another 70 who found their way to freedom independently.

Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which treats slavery as a central theme. The novel is believed to have had a profound effect on the North's view of slavery. First published on March 20, 1852, the story focuses on the tale of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave, the central character around whose life the other characters—both fellow slaves and slave owners—revolve.

Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South
Hinton Helper of N.C. spoke for the poor, non slave owning whites in his 1857 book, which was a violent attack on slavery. It wasn’t written with sympathy for the blacks, which Helper actually despised, but with a belief that the institution was bringing ruin to the small farmer.

George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South
A social theorist who published radical racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. His theories employed a Marxian dialectic of struggle, only invoking race and slave status in the place of the working class. The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology (1854) he said that the capitalism of the north was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery.

Franklin Pierce
weak and indecisive, but appealed to all Democrats as a pro-South Northerner and without enemies; 14th President of the United States (1853-1857); was unable to reconcile the issue of slavery that divided the United States. The Democratic candidate for the 1852 presidential election. He was a Northerner who supported southern expansionist interests; he pledged to enforce all parts of the Compromise of 1850 especially the Fugitive Slave Act. He won the presidency and pursued an expansionist policy of manifest destiny.

New England Emigrant Aid Society
Founded in 1854 by Eli Thayer of Massachusetts to fight against the extension of slavery to Kansas Territory. In 1855, the company reorganized and changed its named to the New England Emigrant Aid Company.

“Bleeding Kansas”
a common term for the bloody fighting that erupted in Kansas Territory in the years after 1854 over whether slavery should be allowed or prohibited there. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, passed by Congress that year, gave the slavery question to the voters of the territory. (This Act overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had banned slavery in the region.) The idea of a vote on the bitterly divisive issue by settlers themselves proved a bad mistake. A sequence of violent events involving Free-Staters (anti-slavery; also known as free soilers) and pro-slavery elements that took place in Kansas–Nebraska Territory

John Brown; Pottawatomie Creek:
Occurred during the night of May 24 and the morning of May 25, 1856. In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence (Kansas) by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers (some of them members of the Pottawatomie Rifles) killed five proslavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. Pottawatomie Creek was the site where, in 1856, the militant abolitionist John Brown massacred five pro-slavery settlers, touching off an escalating cycle of reprisal and retribution that gave rise to the name "Bleeding Kansas."

Sumner-Brooks incident
Charles Sumner, a popular northern anti-slavery republican, adamantly denounced the Fugitive Slave and Kansas-Nebraska Acts. After an extreme insult of the authors the KN Act, Preston Brooks beat Sumner senseless with a cane. Preston took three years to recover before he rejoined the Senate.

Lecompton constitution
In September, 1857, the pro-slavery element of Kansas met in an irregular, but representative way at the town of Lecompton, and adopted a constitution providing, among other things, for the existence of slavery. It was submitted to the people. The free-State party refused to vote at all, and the ballots cast for it were only about 6,500, including the fraudulent ones. It was subsequently voted down in a positive way, by a majority of 10,000. One of four proposed Kansas state constitutions. The constitution supported slavery in the proposed state. When President Buchanan presented the Lecompton Constitution to Congress, it reached a deadlock, causing the Democratic Party to split between Douglas and Breckinridge. The Constitution was rejected, and Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1861.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 
Lawsuit decided by the United States Supreme Court that ruled that people of African descent, whether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States, and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. The decision was supported by border ruffians in the Kansas dispute who were afraid a free Kansas would be a haven for runaway slaves from Missouri .

Roger Taney
The fifth Chief Justice of the United States and the first Roman Catholic to hold that office. He made the controversial ruling of the Dred Scott case and considered opposition to slavery as northern aggression. Remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens

House-divided speech
An address given by future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, on 16 June 1858, in Springfield, Illinois upon accepting the Republican nomination for United States Senate. The speech became the launching point for his unsuccessful campaign for Senate against Stephen A. Douglas. The speech created a lasting image of the danger of disunion due to slavery, and rallied Republicans across the north. Along with the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address this became one of the best-known speeches of his career

Freeport Doctrine
Articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sanford, which stated that slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories. Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas's response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery. Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery, legislation would provide for its continued existence.

Harper’s Ferry raid
In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Election of 1860
set the stage for the American Civil War as the political system split four ways as it proved unable to hold the nation together. The nation had been divided through most of the 1850s on questions of slavery in the territories and states rights. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power, while it simultaneously fractured the formerly dominant Democratic Party in two. The immediate result was the secession of seven southern states to form their own country and the outbreak of the American Civil War.

Secession
Slavery fueling the states’ rights issue along with the loss of Congress and Northern opposition to the new Fugitive Slave Law made the election of 1860 the straw that broke up the union. By March 1861, Lincoln’s inauguration South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had seceded. The withdrawal of 11 Southern states from the Union in 1860-1861, precipitating the U.S. Civil War., in response to demands for greater states rights

Crittenden compromise
A proposal to keep the south from leaving the Union. Consisting of six constitutional amendments, the compromise extended the Missouri Compromise line across the country to the Pacific Coast and allowed slavery south of that line. It also denied Congress the right to abolish slavery. Opposed by President-elect Abraham Lincoln, it was defeated. 

bad news, kids... i only have four of the terms from chapter 12 because moran changed the words from last year. so my sources don't have the vocab. sorry. try stealing from another class. or looking it up yourself. wikipedia is really good. just search the terms and copy and paste! in any case, don't yell at me. i just put up the words...

Missing: Everything but Ostend Manifesto, Walker Expedition, Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, and Gadsden Purchase

Ostend Manifesto (1852)
Declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Walker Expedition
In 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker began an expedition as a representative of the Loyal Company during which he explored the Greenbrier River and the New River. This was the first recorded exploration, by white explorers, into the area of West Virginia south of the New River. Walker is also credited with being the first to record the existence of the Cumberland Gap. William Walker invaded Nicaragua four times in his expedition, setting himself up as ruler of the country, inviting southerners to take up landholdings from displaced local farmers; reintroduced slavery there in 1856; he was murdered by a Honduran firing squad in 1860

Clayton Bulwer Treaty (1850)
U.S. and Great Britain agreed that neither would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881; Named for John M. Clayton, American secretary of state, and Sir Henry Bulwer, British minister to the United States; unpopular in the United States; In 1901, the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty replaced the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. It granted the United States the right to build and manage the canal.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)
intended to allow for the construction of a southern route for a transcontinental railroad, and was also designed to fully compensate Mexico for the lands taken by the U.S. after the Mexican-American War. Under President Pierce, U.S. Minister to Mexico James Gadsden and Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna agreed on the price of $10 million for the Gadsden land.

Here's chapter eleven, guys. It's realllllyyyyyyyyyyy long. So good luck studying them. 

Missing term: Women's rights movement

Thank you amanda natiello for defining these terms!: George Caleb Bingham, American Colonization Society, American Peace Society

Henry David Thoreau
A transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. In his essay, "On Civil Disobedience," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and had spent a night in jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance).

Walden
Book written by Thoreau in which he wrote about his experiences while living alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847.

Brook Farm 
A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Utopian Communities
Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles. Hoped to wash away temptation, sin, and avarice.

Shakers
A mid-eighteenth century offshoot of the Quakers founded in England by Mother Ann Lee; Shakers performed communal living and strict celibacy

Robert Owen-New Harmony
A Welsh socialist and social reformer. He is considered the father of the cooperative movement. He experimented through the New Harmony community, a utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

Joseph Humphrey Noyes-Oneida Community
Noyes founded the group and founded the beliefs of the society. A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Charles Fourier-Fourier Phalanxes
French utopian socialist and began some form of feminism. Fourier declared that concern and cooperation were the secrets of social success. He believed workers would be recompensed for their labors according to their contribution. Fourier saw such cooperation occurring in communities he called "phalanxes". Phalanxes were based around structures called "grand hotels". These buildings were four level apartment complexes where the richest had the uppermost apartments and the poorest enjoyed a ground floor residence.

Horace Greeley
An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. 

George Caleb Bingham
An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier.

William S. Mount
Contemporary of the Hudson River school; began as a history painter but moved to depicting scenes form everyday life

Thomas Cole
Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings

Frederick Church
Central figure in the Hudson River School, pupil of Thomas Cole, known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places
Hudson River School
Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Washington Irving
Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer

James Fennimore Cooper
Wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leather stocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece.

Nathaniel Hawthorne
Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Temperance
The practice of moderation (chiefly describing sobriety). It was one of the five "cardinal" virtues held to be vital to society in Hellenic culture. It is one of the Four Cardinal Virtues considered central to Christian behavior by the Catholic Church and is an important tenet of the moral codes of other world religions

American Temperance Society
Was established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages

Washingtonians
Temperance movement which involved relying on each other, sharing alcoholic experiences and relying upon divine help, to help keep each other sober. Total abstinence from alcohol was their goal. The group taught sobriety and preceded Alcoholics Anonymous by 100 years.

Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WTCU)
Worked for legislation to moderate the use of intoxicating drink despite their inability to vote. Linked drinking to poverty, adultery, social crime and domestic violence.

Asylum Movement
Efforts to propose government legislation to improve treatment of the insane with larger institutions and proper environmental and educational conditions.

McGuffey Readers
One of the first known textbooks, it is estimated that at least 120 million copies of McGuffey's Readers were sold between 1836 and 1960, sell about 30,000 copies a year. McGuffey's Readers are still in use today in some school systems, and by parents for home schooling purposes.

Sarah and Angelina Grimke
Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in a aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities.

Letter on the Condition and Equality of the Sexes
Used the individualist feminist approach of comparing slavery to marriage for the wife where women are treated as property and have little to no rights especially in economic affairs of the house hold. Written by Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Lucretia Mott
A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Seneca Falls Convention 1848
First women’s rights convention in American History. Issued “Declaration of Sentiments”-declared “all men and women are created equal” and listed women’s grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.

Susan B. Anthony
Led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women. Campaigned with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 

American Colonization Society
A society which established the colony of Liberia, to which freed blacks were sent from the United States. The colony later declared its independance.

American Antislavery Society
Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for “no Union with slaveholders” until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Abolitionism
The militant effort to do away with slavery. It began in the north in the 1700's. Becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's. Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator
An abolitionist who became editor of the Boston publication the Liberator in 1831. Under his leadership the Liberator gained great fame. He attacked everything from slave holding, to moderate abolitionists. He supported northern secession

Liberty Party
A political party that started during the two party systems in the 1840's.The party's main platform was bringing an end to slavery by political and legal means. The party was originally part of the American Anti-slavery however; they split because they believed there was a more practical way to end slavery than Garrison's moral crusade.

Harriet Tubman
American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Sojourner Truth
American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women.

William Still
African American abolitionist and author; 18th son of ex-slaves; wrote The Underground Railroad which chronicles how he helped 649 slaves escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad

David Walker
Sponsored first African- American newspaper, Freedom's Journal, to arouse northerners to help slave resistance; "Wrote appeal to the colored citizens" that warned that slaves would rise up against southern masters with or without northern support 

American Peace Society
A pacifist society founded on the principles of William Ladd. Merged societies from New Hampshire, New York, Maine, and Massachusetts.

Sylvester Graham
American clergyman whose advocacy of health regimen emphasizing temperance and vegetarianism found lasting expression in graham cracker

Amelia Bloomer
An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive.

Chapter 10 Vocabulary
Sorry I didn't put it up earlier for the people who look at it early. I'm lazy. Anybody wanna volunteer to put up the vocab? anyone? i'll burn you a cd! haha ok have fun studying folks.

missing: Andrew Jackson, Revolution of 1828, and Democrats; Whigs

Universal Male Suffrage
by 1825 all white male voters of every state (except-RI/VA/LA) by 1840, 90 adult white males voted in local, state, national leaders; didn’t extend to Women was in fact taken away from free African Americans

King Caucus
the name for informal meetings in which American congressmen would agree on who to nominate for the Presidency and Vice Presidency from their political party. The first such meeting was by the Democratic-Republican Party to decide on who should run for Vice President with Thomas Jefferson. The system ended in 1824 as existing political parties began to decentralize as a result of the westward expansion of America. The system had come to be known as "King Caucus,” because of the power that these caucuses had to nominate a president was seen as undemocratic

Spoils System
“To the victor go the spoils” winner of election may do whatever they want with staff; Jackson made more staff changes than any previous president, firing many people and replacing them with his own

“Corrupt Bargain”
The charge made by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office

John Quincy Adams
His election was called the corrupt bargain. Like Clay, he favored strong nationalism and government intervention to protect economic development (no, really, he did). Negotiated the treaty of Ghent with Clay and Gallatin.
Corrupt Bargain: In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which (to the surprise of many) elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. Some people believe that an agreement was made ahead of time between the two, a Corrupt Bargain.

Tariff of 1828
Tariff of 1828, it raised tariff on imported manufactured goods; protected North but harmed South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs.

Rotation in Office
Incumbent officeholders replaced by friends of new president

Peggy Eaton Affair
Social scandal; John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with Timberlakes when in Washington, and were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake before her husband died in 1828; cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton; Jackson sided with Eatons; affair helped dissolve cabinet

Indian Removal Act
Jackson urged congress to hurry passage of this act, which offered Native Americans new lands west of Mississippi River in return for abandoning their ancient claims in southeastern states.

Trail of Tears
minority of Cherokee tribe had surrendered their Georgia land in 1835 Treaty of New Echota; troops under General infield Scott evicted them from Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma Indian country; many died on trail of disease, starvation, and exposure; journey became known as "Trail of Tears"

State’s Rights
Vice-President Calhoun anonymously published South Carolina Exposition, which proposed each state in union counter tyranny of majority by asserting right to nullify unconstitutional act of Congress;’ reaction to Tariff of 1828, which he said placed Union in danger and stripped South of its rights; South Carolina had threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked; Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution than secession

Webster-Hayne Debate
over an 1830 bill by Samuel A. Foote to limit the sale of public lands in the west to new settlers. Daniel Webster, in a dramatic speech, showed the danger of the states' rights doctrine, which permitted each state to decide for itself which laws were unconstitutional, claiming it would lead to civil war. States' rights

John C. Calhoun
Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator; said North should grant South’s demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep peace; spokesman for the South and states' rights

Nicholas Biddle
became the Bank of the People of the US president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be re-chartered.

Two-Party System
two major political parties have managed to eliminated all competition; Democrats and Republicans have controlled nearly all government systems since 1840’s

Roger Taney
American jurist, fifth Chief Justice of the United States; in Charles River Bridge Case, declared that state charter of private business conferred only privileges expressly granted and that ambiguity must be decided in favor of state; outraged conservatives, opposed to any modification of view that charters issued by states are inviolable

Pet Banks: state banks;
used funds as basis for speculation; head by Jackson's issue of the Specie Circular (1836), which led to a drain on the “pet banks” and their collapse in the Panic of 1837. President Martin Van Buren then proposed that an independent treasury be set up that would be isolated from all banks. The proposal met considerable opposition and failed to pass the House of Representatives in 1837 and again in the sessions of 1837-38 and 1838-39.

Specie Circular
executive order issued by Jackson requiring payment for purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver. In an effort to curb excessive land speculation and to quash the enormous.

Panic of 1837
First Depression in American history; Banks lost money, people lost faith in banks, and country lost faith in President Martin van Buren; lasted four years; due to large state debts, expansion of credit by numerous, unfavorable balance of crop failures, and frenzy that was caused by the avalanche of land speculation. It is the latter point that is of major importance in the panic of 1837 and is closely linked with many of the other causes

Martin Van Buren
President with intention of following Jackson's policies; unpopular; backed Independent Treasury System; attempted to conciliate differences with Great Britain

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign
Presidential contest between Martin Van Buren, Democratic incumbent, and General William Henry Harrison, Whig; large meetings and its endless hurrahs; Whigs were confident of victory.