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TO MY DEAR MANDI: CHAPTER 7 VOCAB haha =)
**//Edit 9:18 PM, 9/19/07
MISSING TERMS DEFINED! THANKS TO AMANDA NATIELLO! And I pitched in with the definition of "loose interpretation of constitution" thanks to google. OK NOW EXCUSES NOW EVERYONE. you have these words a week in advance. ACE YOUR APUSH TESTS! haha only kidding. those tests are so damn hard...

Louisiana Purchase
The acquisition by the United States of more than 530,000,000 acres of territory from France in 1803, at the cost of about 3¢ per acre; $15 million. The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase, favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon. The Federalists argued that the purchase was unconstitutional and the U.S. had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain. Jefferson buys the Louisiana territory, from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, from Napoleon for $15 million; caused opposition from the Federalists since the constitution did not give the government the power to buy land.

Strict Interpretation
Strict and doctrinal interpretation of the Constitution and its justification. Thomas Jefferson favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution, which he interpreted as forbidding everything it did not expressly permit. In contrast, Hamilton favored a loose interpretation.

Loose Interpretation
A Hamiltonian view of the Constitution that advocates the idea that the federal government has a wide range of powers as implied in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18.

Lewis and Clark Expedition
William Clark and Meriwether Lewis were hired by Jefferson to explore the land west of the Mississippi River acquired in the recent Louisiana Purchase. Led the first United States overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back, led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Second Lieutenant William Clark, of the United States Army,also known as the Corps of Discovery. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.

John Marshall (1755-1835)
Served as chief justice of the United States from 1801-1835. A strong federalist, he rendered many decisions favoring both the political and the economic power of the national government and gave the Court a major role to play in shaping the destiny of the early federal republic. Justice Marshall was a Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive.

Judicial Review
Allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional. The doctrine that permits the federal courts to declare unconstitutional, and thus null and void, acts of the Congress, the executive, and the states. The precedent for judicial review was established in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison.

Marbury v. Madison
Case arose out of Jefferson's refusal to deliver the commissions to the judges appointed by Adams' Midnight Appointments. One of the appointees, Marbury, sued Madison, to obtain his commission. The Supreme Court held that Madison need not deliver the commissions because the Congressional act that had created the new judgeships violated the judiciary provisions of the Constitution, and was therefore unconstitutional and void. This case established the Supreme Court's right to judicial review. A landmark case in United States law where in the U.S. Supreme Court established judicial review as a legitimate power of the Court on constitutional grounds. The Court ruled that it had the power to declare a statute void that it considered repugnant to the Constitution.

Aaron Burr
An American politician and adventurer. He was a formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party in New York and a strong supporter of Governor George Clinton. He is remembered not so much for his tenure as the third Vice President, under Thomas Jefferson, as for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, resulting in Hamilton's death. He is also known for his trial and acquittal on charges of treason. Jefferson’s vice-president for his first term; not voted into a second term because of radical ideas and ventures that threatened to break up the Union and resulted in the death of Alexander Hamilton.

Barbary Pirates
Pirates that operated out of Tunis, Tripoli, Algiers, Salè and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea and on ships on their way to Asia around Africa. When the U.S. became a country, Congress appropriated $60,000 as tribute to the Barbary states. But continued attacks prompted the building of the United States Navy, leading to a series of wars along the North African coast.

Impressment
The act of conscripting foreign people to serve as sailors. It was used by the Royal Navy during the 18th century and early 19th century in time of war as a means of crewing warships. People liable to impressment were eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years, though very rarely non-seamen were impressed as well.

Chesapeake-Leopold Affair
A British warship attacked and boarded the American frigate USS Chesapeake killing 21 men and capturing four British deserters. The American public was outraged with the incident. The President closed U.S. territorial waters to British warships, demanded payment for damages, and requested an end to British efforts to search United States ships for "deserters," acts to impress American sailors into British service. Escalated tensions between the two countries and can be seen as one of the events leading up to the War of 1812.

Embargo Act
Act issued by Jefferson that forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S., was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade; difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade, hurt the national economy, so the Non-Intercourse Act replaced it. An American law prohibiting all export of cargo from American ports. It was designed to force Britain to rescind its restrictions on American trade, but failed, and was repealed in early 1809.

Tecumseh
A famous Shawnee leader. He spent much of his life attempting to rally disparate Native American tribes in a mutual defense of their lands, especially in Canadian regions. Hostility with the US eventually culminated in his death in the War of 1812. Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. An American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 defeated the league of tribes. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

The Prophet
Shawnee religious leader who called for a return to Indian traditions and founded the community of Prophetstown on Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana. A Native American religious and political leader known as the Shawnee Prophet. He was the brother of Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee. William Henry Harrison: The first Governor of the Indiana Territory and later a U.S. Representative and Senator from Ohio. Harrison first gained national fame after defeating Tecumseh’s growing Native American Confederation at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. As a general in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable contribution was a victory at the Battle of the Thames, which brought the war in his region to a successful conclusion.

William Henry Harrison
Led Battle of Tippecanoe, 9th president; After resigning from the army, became Secretary of the Northwest Territory, was its first delegate to Congress, and helped obtain legislation dividing the Territory into the Northwest and Indiana Territories. In 1801 he became Governor of the Indiana Territory, serving 12 years.

Battle of Tippecanoe
Fought between United States forces led by Governor of the Indiana Territory William Henry Harrison and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation at Prophetstown, and was part of Tecumseh's War, which continued into the War of 1812. Although Harrison's side suffered greater casualties, the battle is generally considered an important victory for his army. Battle near Prophetstown in 1811, where American forces led by William Henry Harrison defeated the followers of Shawnee Prophet and destroyed the town

War Hawks
Members of Congress elected in1810 from the West and South who campaigned for war with Britain in the hopes of stimulating the economy and annexing new territory. Group of about twenty Democratic Republicans who persuaded Congress into supporting a declaration of war against Britain. These young, vocal members from the South and the western U.S. were voted into the House during mid-term congressional elections in 1810. They were united by outrage regarding the British practice of impressment (or abduction) of American sailors, and the British Orders in Council which were crippling the American economy

Henry Clay
In 1812, Calhoun and Henry Clay, two famous "warhawks", who preferred war to the "putrescent pool of ignominious peace", convinced the House to declare war on Great Britain. A leading American statesman and orator who served in both the House of Representatives and Senate. Founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy (such as canals, railroads and banks).

John Caldwell Calhoun
A prominent United States politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was the first vice-president born as a United States citizen. He was the primary intellectual architect of the Confederate States of America. He pushed the theory of nullification, an extreme states' rights view under which states could declare null and void any federal law they deemed to be unconstitutional. He deemed slavery a "positive good" rather than as a necessary evil.

The War of 1812
Fought between the United States of America and Britain from 1812 to 1815 on land and sea. The Americans had hoped for a quick win as Britain was at war with Napoleon. The Royal Navy established a strict blockade of American trade causing economic hardship; on land the US invasion was repulsed. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent, restoring North America to status quo ante bellum (as things were before the war).

The Battle of Lake Erie
Fought on September 10, 1813 in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine ships of the United States Navy decisively defeated six vessels of Great Britain, ensuring American control of the lake for the remainder of the war, which allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh.

Francis Scott Key
Saw Fort McHenry hold out during the night against a British attack and wrote the poem "Star Spangled Banner" about the experience of seeing the U.S. flag still flying above the fort in the morning, and the poem was later set to the tune of an old English bar song

Andrew Jackson
Seventh president of the united states, military leader of florida, commander of the american forces at the battle of new orleans, and a founder of the democratic party. a polarizing figure who dominated american politics in the 1820s and 30s. called "old hickory" due to his toughness and his association with the frontier. based his career in tennessee.

Battle of Horshoe Bend
March 1814 General Andrew Jackson commanded troops in the South, in present-day Alabama and ended the power of the Creek nation. The Battle of Horseshoe Bendwas fought during the War of 1812in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, part of the Creek Indian tribe, effectively ending the Creek War.

Ceek Nation
The Creek are an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee (or Muskogee), the name they use to identify themselves today. Mvskoke is their name in traditional spelling. Modern Muscogees live primarily in Oklahoma, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Their language, Mvskoke, is a member of the Creek branch of the Muskogean language family. The Seminole are close kin to the Muscogee and speak a Creek language as well. The Creeks are one of the Five Civilized Tribes. Important British ally that had power in the South, specifically Georgia. The Creek was a mix of Indian tribes found east of the Mississippi River.

Battle of New Orleans
January 8, 1812. the final major battle of the war of 1812. american forces under andrew jackson defeated the british army invading new orleans, who were intent on seizing the city and the western frontier.

Treaty of Ghent
Ended the war of 1812, most captured territory was returned to its original owner, set up a commission to determine the Canada/U.S. border; did not mention the issues over which the U.S. and Britain had gone to war December 24, 1814 ended the War of 1812 and restored status quo; territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner; set up commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Hartford Convention
December 1814 convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and the War of 1812; proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated right of states to nullify federal laws; discussed idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored; turned public sentiment against Federalists, which led to the demise of the party. Meeting of New England merchants opposed to the Embargo Act and the war of 1812; advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws, discussed the idea of seceding if they were ignored; turned public sentiment against the Federalists, leading to the party’s demise